Padaung language

For the unrelated "Kayan" dialect cluster spoken by the Kayan people of Borneo, see Kayan language (Borneo).

Kayan, also known as, Padaung or Padaung Karen) is a Karen language of Burma, spoken by the Kayan people. The Kayan dialects share more than 90% lexical similarity.^[2] Padaung is 71% to 76% lexically similar to Lahta.^[3]

Padaung
Kayan
Native to	Burma
Ethnicity	Kayan people
Native speakers	500,000 (2005)[1]
Language family	Sino-Tibetan (Tibeto-Burman) Karen languages Sgaw–Bghai Bghai Padaung
Writing system	Latin
Language codes
ISO 639-3	pdu
Glottolog	kaya1315

Distribution

• Pekhon, southern Shan State^[4]
• northwestern Kayah State^[5]
• Thandaung township, Kayin State^[6]
• Pyinmana township, Mandalay Region^[7]
• Kayan Lahwi dialect: Lahwi and northwest Dimawso, Kayah State; southern Pekhon, southern Shan State^[8]
• Kayan Yinbaw/Kangan dialect: Dimawso area, northwestern Kayah State^[9]

Internal classification

The Kayan languages are spoken in Kayah State, southern Shan State, and northern Karen State. There are four branches according to Shintani (2016),^[10] namely:^[11]

• Kangan ("lowland dwellers")
• Kakhaung ("highland dwellers")
• Lawi ("South")
• Latha ("North")

Nangki (sometimes called Langki), documented in Shintani (2016), is one of the Kayan languages belonging to the Kakhaung subgroup. It is spoken only in one village.

Pekong Kayan is documented in Manson (2010).

Sonkan Kayan and Dosanbu Kayan are documented in Shintani (2018a, b).^[12][13] Shintani has also documented:by families or by villages as below:

• Phulon Kayan^[14]
• Lagu Kayan^[15]
• Totan Kayan^[16]
• Dokhoncon Kayan^[17]
• Natwei Kayan^[18]
• Pimon Kayan^[19]
• Sonplao Kayan^[20]
• Dolan Kayan^[21]
• Thaoku Kayan^[22]
• Diklon Kayan^[23]
• Pulon Kayan^[24]
• Kabla Kayan^[25]
• Kathan Kayan^[26]
• Kalondei Kayan^[27]
• Ramaku, Subao, Kadu, Huason, Hanti, Sonpu Kayan (Shintani 2022)

Dimawso Kayan, a Kayan variety spoken in Wanbanbalo village, Dimawso township, Kayah State, Myanmar, is described in Lew (2018).^[28]

Ethnologue lists Padaung (Kayan) dialects as:

• Standard Pekon (prestige dialect)
• Kayan Lahwi
• Kayan Kangan (Yeinbaw, Yinbaw)

Phonology

Consonants

		Labial	Dental/ Alveolar	Palatal	Velar	Glottal
Plosive	voiceless	p	t	c	k	ʔ
	aspirated	pʰ	tʰ	cʰ	kʰ
	voiced	b	d	ɟ	ɡ
Fricative			θ			h
Nasal		m	n		ŋ
Rhotic			ɾ
Approximant	lateral		l
	central	w		j

• Voiced stops /b, d/ can also range to pre-glottalized stops [ʔb, ʔd] in free variation among speakers.
• /θ/ shows fluctuation to [s] in some closely related dialects.
• /ɾ/ is heard as a glide [ɹ] in syllable-medial position. It is heard as a tap [ɾ] elsewhere.

Vowels

	Front	Central	Back
High	i	ɨ	u
High-mid	e	ə	o
Low-mid	ɛ		ɔ
Low		a
Diphthongs	ai	əɨ	au

Nasal coda

	Front	Central	Back
Mid	eŋ	əŋ	oŋ
Low		aŋ

• Sounds /ɨ, a, ə, u/ phonetically range to [ɨ̠, a̟, ɤ̟, ʊ] in free variation.
• Breathiness [V̤] is also evenly distributed among all sounds.^[29]

References

1. Padaung at Ethnologue (18th ed., 2015) (subscription required)
2. "Myanmar". Ethnologue: Languages of the World. 2016. Archived from the original on 2016-10-10.
3. "Myanmar". Ethnologue: Languages of the World. 2016. Archived from the original on 2016-10-10.
4. "Myanmar". Ethnologue: Languages of the World. 2016. Archived from the original on 2016-10-10.
5. "Myanmar". Ethnologue: Languages of the World. 2016. Archived from the original on 2016-10-10.
6. "Myanmar". Ethnologue: Languages of the World. 2016. Archived from the original on 2016-10-10.
7. "Myanmar". Ethnologue: Languages of the World. 2016. Archived from the original on 2016-10-10.
8. "Myanmar". Ethnologue: Languages of the World. 2016. Archived from the original on 2016-10-10.
9. "Myanmar". Ethnologue: Languages of the World. 2016. Archived from the original on 2016-10-10.
10. Shintani, Tadahiko. 2016. The Nangki language. Linguistic survey of Tay cultural area (LSTCA) no. 109. Tokyo: Research Institute for Languages and Cultures of Asia and Africa (ILCAA).
11. Shintani, Tadahiko. 2015. The Kadaw language. Linguistic survey of Tay cultural area (LSTCA) no. 106. Tokyo: Research Institute for Languages and Cultures of Asia and Africa (ILCAA).
12. Shintani, Tadahiko. 2018. The Sonkan Kayan language. Linguistic survey of Tay cultural area (LSTCA) no. 118. Tokyo: Research Institute for Languages and Cultures of Asia and Africa (ILCAA).
13. Shintani Tadahiko. 2018. The Dosanbu Kayan language. Linguistic survey of Tay cultural area (LSTCA) no. 120. Tokyo: Research Institute for Languages and Cultures of Asia and Africa (ILCAA).
14. Shintani, Tadahiko. 2019. The Phulon Kayan language. Linguistic survey of Tay cultural area (LSTCA) no. 122. Tokyo: Research Institute for Languages and Cultures of Asia and Africa (ILCAA).
15. Shintani, Tadahiko. 2019. The Lagu Kayan language. Linguistic survey of Tay cultural area (LSTCA) no. 123. Tokyo: Research Institute for Languages and Cultures of Asia and Africa (ILCAA).
16. Shintani, Tadahiko. 2019. The Totan Kayan language. Linguistic survey of Tay cultural area (LSTCA) no. 124. Tokyo: Research Institute for Languages and Cultures of Asia and Africa (ILCAA).
17. Shintani, Tadahiko. 2019. The Dokhoncon Kayan language. Linguistic survey of Tay cultural area (LSTCA) no. 125. Tokyo: Research Institute for Languages and Cultures of Asia and Africa (ILCAA).
18. Shintani, Tadahiko. 2020. The Natwei Kayan language. Linguistic survey of Tay cultural area (LSTCA) no. 128. Tokyo: Research Institute for Languages and Cultures of Asia and Africa (ILCAA).
19. Shintani, Tadahiko. 2020. The Pimon Kayan language. Linguistic survey of Tay cultural area (LSTCA) no. 129. Tokyo: Research Institute for Languages and Cultures of Asia and Africa (ILCAA).
20. Shintani, Tadahiko. 2020. The Sonplao Kayan language. Linguistic survey of Tay cultural area (LSTCA) no. 130. Tokyo: Research Institute for Languages and Cultures of Asia and Africa (ILCAA).
21. Shintani, Tadahiko. 2021. The Dolan Kayan language. Linguistic survey of Tay cultural area (LSTCA) no. 132. Tokyo: Research Institute for Languages and Cultures of Asia and Africa (ILCAA).
22. Shintani, Tadahiko. 2021. The Thaoku Kayan language. Linguistic survey of Tay cultural area (LSTCA) no. 133. Tokyo: Research Institute for Languages and Cultures of Asia and Africa (ILCAA).
23. Shintani, Tadahiko. 2021. The Diklon Kayan language. Linguistic survey of Tay cultural area (LSTCA) no. 134. Tokyo: Research Institute for Languages and Cultures of Asia and Africa (ILCAA).
24. Shintani, Tadahiko. 2021. The Pulon Kayan language. Linguistic survey of Tay cultural area (LSTCA) no. 135. Tokyo: Research Institute for Languages and Cultures of Asia and Africa (ILCAA).
25. Shintani, Tadahiko. 2021. The Kabla Kayan language. Linguistic survey of Tay cultural area (LSTCA) no. 136. Tokyo: Research Institute for Languages and Cultures of Asia and Africa (ILCAA).
26. Shintani, Tadahiko. 2021. The Kathan Kayan language. Linguistic survey of Tay cultural area (LSTCA) no. 137. Tokyo: Research Institute for Languages and Cultures of Asia and Africa (ILCAA).
27. Shintani, Tadahiko. 2021. The Kalondei Kayan language. Linguistic survey of Tay cultural area (LSTCA) no. 138. Tokyo: Research Institute for Languages and Cultures of Asia and Africa (ILCAA).
28. Lew, Sigrid (2018). Preliminary phonology of Dimawso Kayan, Myanmar. Paper presented at the 28th Annual Meeting of the Southeast Asian Linguistics Society, held May 17–19, 2018 in Kaohsiung, Taiwan.
29. Manson, Ken (2007). Pekon Kayan phonology. Chiang Mai: Payap University.

• Shintani, Tadahiko. 2020. A handbook of comparative Kayan languages. Linguistic survey of Tay cultural area (LSTCA). Tokyo: Research Institute for Languages and Cultures of Asia and Africa (ILCAA).
• Aung, Wai Lin. 2013. A Descriptive Grammar of Kayah Monu. Master’s thesis, Payap University.
• Ywar, Naw Hsa Eh. 2013. A Grammar of Kayan Lahta. Master’s thesis, Payap University.