Temple of Edfu

The Temple of Edfu is an Egyptian temple located on the west bank of the Nile in Edfu, Upper Egypt. The city was known in the Hellenistic period in Koine Greek as Ἀπόλλωνος πόλις and in Latin as Apollonopolis Magna, after the chief god Horus, who was identified as Apollo under the interpretatio graeca.^[1] It is one of the best preserved shrines in Egypt. The temple was built in the Ptolemaic Kingdom between 237 and 57 BC. The inscriptions on its walls provide important information on language, myth and religion during the Hellenistic period in Egypt. In particular, the Temple's inscribed building texts "provide details [both] of its construction, and also preserve information about the mythical interpretation of this and all other temples as the Island of Creation."^[2] There are also "important scenes and inscriptions of the Sacred Drama which related the age-old conflict between Horus and Seth."^[2] They are translated by the Edfu-Project.

Temple of Edfu
The main entrance of Edfu Temple showing the first pylon
Monument information
Type	Temple
Location	Egypt
Nome	Wetjes-Hor
Hieroglyphic name	(Bḥd.t)
Deity	Horus (primary), Hathor, Harsomtus
Historical information
Period	Graeco-Roman Period
Dynasty	Ptolemaic dynasty
Construction start date	August 23, 237 BC
Completion date	57 BC
Architectural description
Construction material	Sandstone
Height	36 meters
Width	3 76 meters
Length	79 meters

History

Edfu was one of several temples built during the Ptolemaic Kingdom, including the Dendera Temple complex, Esna, the Temple of Kom Ombo, and Philae. Its size reflects the relative prosperity of the time.^[3] The present temple, which was begun "on 23 August 237 BC, initially consisted of a pillared hall, two transverse halls, and a barque sanctuary surrounded by chapels."^[4] The building was started during the reign of Ptolemy III Euergetes and completed in 57 BC under Ptolemy XII Auletes. It was built on the site of an earlier, smaller temple also dedicated to Horus, although the previous structure was oriented east–west rather than north–south as in the present site. A ruined pylon lies just to the east of the current temple; inscriptional evidence has been found indicating a building program under the New Kingdom rulers Ramesses I, Seti I and Ramesses II.

A naos of Nectanebo II, a relic from an earlier building, is preserved in the inner sanctuary, which stands alone while the temple's barque sanctuary is surrounded by nine chapels.^[5]

The temple of Edfu fell into disuse as a religious monument following Theodosius I's persecution of pagans and edict banning non-Christian worship within the Roman Empire in 391. As elsewhere, many of the temple's carved reliefs were razed by followers of the Christian faith which came to dominate Egypt. The blackened ceiling of the hypostyle hall, visible today, is believed to be the result of arson intended to destroy religious imagery that was then considered pagan.

Over the centuries, the temple became buried to a depth of 12 metres (39 ft) beneath drifting desert sand and layers of river silt deposited by the Nile. Local inhabitants built homes directly over the former temple grounds. Only the upper reaches of the temple pylons were visible by 1798, when the temple was identified by a French expedition. In 1860 Auguste Mariette, a French Egyptologist, began the work of freeing Edfu temple from the sands.

The Temple of Edfu is nearly intact and a good example of an ancient Egyptian temple.^[2] Its archaeological significance and high state of preservation have made it a center for tourism in Egypt and a frequent stop for the many riverboats that cruise the Nile. In 2005, access to the temple was revamped with the addition of a visitor center and paved carpark.^[6] A lighting system was added in late 2006 to allow night visits.^[7]

• 
  North side of court of Temple of Edfu
• 
  Door of the Pylon
• 
  Inside the sanctuary at the centre of the temple.
• 
  The forecourt of the temple, looking south-east

Religious significance

The temple of Edfu is the largest temple dedicated to Horus and Hathor of Dendera.^[2] It was the center of several festivals sacred to Horus. Each year, "Hathor travelled south from her temple at Denderah to visit Horus at Edfu, and this event marking their sacred marriage was the occasion of a great festival and pilgrimage."^[2]

Creation myth of the temple

The creation myth of the temple of Edfu consists of several related scenes, which are found primarily on the inside of the perimeter walls of the temple.

They tell the story of the beginning of the world, when it was still entirely covered by water. During the struggle between land and primeval water, the land managed to come close to the surface. Where this happened, reeds grew with the help of a falcon, which were strengthened by the gods The Far and The Large. The reeds were the germ cell for the temple of Edfu, and here Horus landed, as a falcon. A force approached, in the form of a bird, and fed Horus, the lord of Edfu; This ritual was the beginning of the cult of Edfu.

The snakelike Apophis tried to impede the creation. Horus shuddered in fear, yet a harpoon, one of the forms of Ptah, came to the rescue. The enemy was defeated and the creation continued. A falcon formed the sky dome, its wings reaching from horizon to horizon, and the sun began its daily cycle. Then the first temple of Edfu was designed by the gods Thoth and Seshat, one responsible for wisdom, the other for scripture. The godly master-builder constructed the temple according to these plans, but initially not of stone, but of reed.^[8][9]

The foundation ritual of the temple consists of multiple elements: First, the ground-plan was laid out with the stretching-the-cord ritual. When the construction was completed, the king handed the temple over to a triad of gods. To protect the building against external threats, 60 gods formed a living wall around the temple.^[10]

Influence on British architecture

The Temple of Edfu provides the model for the Temple Works in Holbeck, Leeds. The courtyard columns at Edfu are closely copied in the frontage of the Works.

Gallery

• 
  Reliefs on the walls of the Temple of Edfu
• 
  1854 photography by John Beasley Greene
• 
  1854 photography by John Beasley Greene
• 
  Rear
• 
  Horus
• 
  A breastfeeding scene in the interior walls
• 
  Wadjet and Nekhbet, the Two Ladies flank the pharaoh
• 
  Nilometer for measuring the height of the Nile River
• 
  Relief
• 
  Relief
• 
  Relief
• 
  Detail
• 
  Ceiling
• 
  Corridor
• 
  Statue of Horus in the courtyard of the temple

See also

• List of ancient Egyptian sites, including sites of temples
• Ancient Egyptian architecture
• Edfu South Pyramid

Notes

1. David, Rosalie. Discovering Ancient Egypt, Facts on File, 1993. p. 99
2. David., op. cit., p. 99
3. Agnese, Giorgio and Maurizio Re. Ancient Egypt: Art and archaeology of the land of the pharaohs, 2004. p. 23 ISBN 0-7607-8380-2
4. Dieter Arnold, Nigel Strudwick & Sabine Gardiner, The Encyclopaedia of Ancient Egyptian Architecture, I.B. Tauris Publishers, 2003. p. 78
5. Arnold, Strudwick & Gardiner, op. cit., p. 78
6. "SPOTLIGHT INTERVIEW 2005 – Dr. Zahi Hawass". Retrieved 2007-04-25.
7. "Night visits to Temple of Horus allowed as of New Year". Retrieved 2007-04-26.
8. Kurth, Dieter (1991). "Über den Ursprung des Tempels von Edfu" [About the Origin of the Temple of Edfu]. Religion und Philosophie im alten Ägypten [Religion and Philosophy in ancient Egypt] (in German). pp. 189–202.
9. Dieter, Kurth (2006). "Edfu" (in German). p. 5.
10. Budde, Dagmar (2008). "Dreißig Götter der Genese des Tempels" [Thirty Gods of the Genesis of the Temple] (PDF). Diener des Horus [Servants of Horus] (in German). pp. 17–40.

References

• Oakes, Lorna and Lucia Gahlin. Ancient Egypt: An illustrated reference to the myths, religions, pyramids and temples of the land of the pharaohs. 2006. ISBN 0-7607-4943-4
• Kurth, Dieter. The Temple of Edfu. 2004. American University in Cairo Press. ISBN 977 424 764 7
• Émile Gaston Chassinat, Maxence de Rochemonteix, Le temple d'Edfou, 14 vols. (1892–1934).

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