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Consonantal sound From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
The voiceless alveolo-palatal sibilant affricate is a type of consonantal sound, used in some spoken languages. The symbols in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represent this sound are ⟨t͡ɕ⟩, ⟨t͜ɕ⟩, ⟨c͡ɕ⟩ and ⟨c͜ɕ⟩, and the equivalent X-SAMPA symbols are t_s\
and c_s\
, though transcribing the stop component with ⟨c⟩ (c
in X-SAMPA) is rare. The tie bar may be omitted, yielding ⟨tɕ⟩ or ⟨cɕ⟩ in the IPA and ts\
or cs\
in X-SAMPA. This affricate has a dedicated symbol U+02A8 ʨ LATIN SMALL LETTER TC DIGRAPH WITH CURL, which has been retired by the International Phonetic Association but is still used.
Voiceless alveolo-palatal affricate | |||
---|---|---|---|
tɕ | |||
ʨ | |||
cɕ | |||
IPA Number | 215 | ||
Audio sample | |||
Encoding | |||
Entity (decimal) | ʨ | ||
Unicode (hex) | U+02A8 | ||
X-SAMPA | t_s\ | ||
|
Neither [t] nor [c] are a completely narrow transcription of the stop component, which can be narrowly transcribed as [t̠ʲ] (retracted and palatalized [t]) or [c̟] (advanced [c]). The equivalent X-SAMPA symbols are t_-'
or t_-_j
and c_+
, respectively. There is also a dedicated symbol ⟨ȶ⟩, which is not a part of the IPA. Therefore, narrow transcriptions of the voiceless alveolo-palatal sibilant affricate include [t̠ʲɕ], [c̟ɕ] and [ȶɕ].
It occurs in languages such as Mandarin Chinese, Japanese, Polish, Serbo-Croatian or Russian, and is the sibilant equivalent of voiceless palatal affricate. U+107AB 𐞫 MODIFIER LETTER SMALL TC DIGRAPH WITH CURL is a superscript IPA letter.[1]
Features of the voiceless alveolo-palatal affricate:
Language | Word | IPA | Meaning | Notes | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Catalan[2] | All dialects | fletxa | [ˈfɫet͡ɕɐ] | 'arrow' | See Catalan phonology |
Valencian | xec | [ˈt͡ɕek] | 'cheque' | ||
Chinese | Cantonese | 豬 / Yale: jyū / Jyutping: zyu¹ | 'pig' | Contrasts with aspirated form. Allophone of /t͡s/, usually in front of the front high vowels /iː/, /ɪ/, /yː/. See Cantonese phonology | |
Mandarin | 北京 / Běijīng | 'Beijing' | Contrasts with aspirated form. Pronounced by some speakers as a palatalized dental. In complementary distribution with [t͡s], [k], and [ʈ͡ʂ] series. See Standard Chinese phonology | ||
Chuvash | чипер/çiper | [t͡ɕi'p̬ɛr] | 'cute' | ||
Danish[3] | tjener | [ˈt͡ɕeːnɐ] | 'servant' | Normal realization of the sequence /tj/.[3] See Danish phonology | |
Dutch | gaatjes | 'little holes' | |||
Dzongkha | ཆུ / chuu | [t͡ɕuː] | 'water' | ||
Irish | Some dialects[4][5][6] | tír | [t͡ɕiːɾʲ] | 'country' | Realization of the palatalized alveolar stop /tʲ/ in dialects such as Erris, Teelin and Tourmakeady.[4][5][6] See Irish phonology |
Japanese | 知人/chijin | [t͡ɕiʑĩɴ] | 'acquaintance' | See Japanese phonology | |
Korean | 제비/jebi | [t͡ɕebi] | 'swallow' | See Korean phonology | |
Marathi | चिंच/çinç | [t͡ɕint̪͡sə] | 'tamarind' | Contrasts with aspirated form. Allophone of [tʃ]. See Marathi phonology | |
Okinawan | 'ucinaaguci | [ʔut͡ɕinaːɡut͡ɕi] | 'Okinawan language' | Merged with [ts]. | |
Polish[7] | ćma | 'moth' | See Polish phonology | ||
Romanian | Banat dialect[8] | frate | [ˈfrat͡ɕe] | 'brother' | One of the most distinct phonological features of the Banat dialect: allophone of /t/ before front vowels. Corresponds to [t] in standard Romanian. See Romanian phonology |
Russian | чуть/čuť | [t͡ɕʉtʲ] | 'barely' | See Russian phonology | |
Sema[9] | akichi | [à̠kìt͡ɕì] | 'mouth' | Possible allophone of /t͡ʃ/ before /i, e/; can be realized as [t͡ʃ] instead.[9] | |
Serbo-Croatian[10] | лећа/leća | [lět͡ɕä] | 'lentils' | Merges into /t͡ʃ/ in dialects that do not distinguish /ʈ͡ʂ/ from /t͡ɕ/. | |
Slovene | Dialects with tʼ–č distinction (such as Resian) | teči | [ˈt̪ɛ̀ːt͡ɕì] | 'con artist' | In Standard Slovene obsolete. See Slovene phonology |
Sorbian | Lower[11] | šćit | [ɕt͡ɕit̪] | 'protection' | |
Swedish | Finland | kjol | [t͡ɕuːl] | 'skirt' | See Swedish phonology |
Thai[12] | จาน/čán | [t͡ɕaːn] | 'dish' | Contrasts with aspirated form. | |
Urarina[13] | katsa | [kat͡ɕá] | 'man' | ||
Uzbek[14] | [example needed] | ||||
Vietnamese | cha | [t͡ɕa] | 'father' | See Vietnamese phonology | |
Xumi[15][16] | [t͡ɕɐ˦] | 'star' | |||
Yi | ꏢ/ji | [t͡ɕi˧] | 'sour' | Contrasts aspirated and unaspirated forms |