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From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Refugees of the Syrian civil war in Turkey are the Syrian refugees fleeing the Syrian civil war. The Republic of Turkey hosted nearly three million refugees when the Assad regime fell in December, 2024.[1]
| |||
|---|---|---|---|
| Pre-war population 22 ±.5; Internally displaced 6 ±.5, Refugees 5.5 ±.5, Fatalities 0.5 ±.1 (millions)[citation needed] | |||
| Syrian refugees | |||
| By country | Turkey, Lebanon, Egypt, Jordan | ||
| Settlements | Camps: Jordan | ||
| Internally displaced Syrians | |||
| Casualties of the war | |||
| Crimes | War crimes, massacres, rape | ||
| Return of refugees, Refugees as weapons, Prosecution of war criminals | |||
As part of Turkey's migrant crisis, according to the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR), in 2018 Turkey was hosting 63% of all of the Syrian refugees in the world.[2] More than a third of the refugees are hosted in Southeastern Turkey, near the Syria-Turkey border.[3]
 | This section needs to be updated. (December 2020) |
In 2014, the capacity of the camps established in 2012 and 2013 became insufficient.[4] In 2014, refugees according to their own preferences begin to migrate across provinces.[4]
About 30% live in 22 government-run camps near the Syrian border.[5]
The number of refugees in transit to Europe dramatically increased in 2015.[6]
Up to 300,000 Syrian refugees living in Turkey could be given citizenship, allegedly, under a plan to keep wealthy and educated Syrians in the country.[7] The current policy towards the Syrian refugees provides temporary protection and homage non-European refugees. According to the policy, Turkey has a legal responsibility towards European refugees only, but for the rest it is only through voluntary action. The temporary protection offered by Turkey to Syrians seeking refuge in the country means that they are limited in some ways.[8] Under temporary protection, Syrians in Turkey are limited from working, especially in formal employment. The temporary protection policy does not guarantee the Syrian refugees permanent protection that would allow them to compete for jobs equally with the Turkish citizens. In some cases the large number of refugees in the country has contributed to the nation changing its citizenship laws to integrate some of the refugees from Syria. Skilled Syrians are provided with citizenship because they contribute positively to the growth of the economy.[9]
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(This figure is unduly precise)
| This section needs to be updated. (December 2020) |
As of April 2014 (2011–2014):[10]
As of April 2018 (2011–2018):[11]
| This section needs to be updated. (December 2020) |
Turkey allocated US$30 billion between 2011 and 2018 on refugee assistance.[12]
Millions of Syrians received aid from the Turkish Aid Agency (AFAD). Turkey has spent more than any other country on Syrian refugee aid, and has also been subject to criticism for opening refugee camps on the Syrian side of the border.[13]
Financial aid from other countries to Syrian Refugees has been limited, though €3,200,000,000 was promised by the EU in November 2015.[14] In March 2016, the EU and Turkey agreed on the EU-Turkey Statement, which involved a number of political concessions as well as 'another €3 billion in aid, if Turkey agreed to a readmission of Syrians arriving in Greece and tighter border controls.'[15]
In 2018, the Directorate General of Migration Management built a fingerprint identification system for a more efficient distribution of financial aid to Syrian Refugees.[16]
On 2 December 2021, the EU announced it would be providing assistance of €325 million (around $368 million) for refugees in Turkey. The aid would be loaded on to the debit cards of refugees, helping more than 1.5 million to cover their most essential needs, such as food, rent, transport and medicine.[17]
Under Turkish law, Syrian refugees cannot apply for resettlement but only temporary protection status. Registering for temporary protection status gives access to state services such as health and education, as well as the right to apply for a work permit in certain geographic areas and professions. Over a third of urban refugees are not registered.[citation needed]
A study which was supported by the Istanbul University Scientific Research Projects unit and conducted by academics from a number of universities, revealed that the vast majority of Syrians in Turkey are employed in unregistered work for significantly lower wages compared to their Turkish counterparts.[18]
However, compared to the increase in refugees, benefits for the increased number of people did not increase accordingly.[clarification needed] In fact, only 712,218 were given residency permits only 56,024 work permits were given to the Syrians by 2017.[19][needs update]
Turkey's response to the refugee crisis is different from most other countries. As a World Bank report noted: It is a non-camp and government financed approach, as opposed to directing refugees into camps that rely on humanitarian aid agencies for support.[20]
Nativism has emerged as a significant issue in Turkish politics concerning Syrian immigration and refugees. In recent years, the Turkish public discussions have witnessed an increase in patriotism during the cross-border military offensive against the Syrian regime, with nationalist keywords being used to target Syrian immigrants and refugees. The COVID-19 pandemic has further exacerbated the situation, with welfare chauvinism dominating the social media discourse. Turkish citizens are increasingly viewed as deserving of priority in social benefits offered by the government, leading to negative attitudes towards immigrants. However, despite the anti-immigrant sentiments, symbolic nativism is barely present in discussions, and cultural markers are not strongly emphasized. Immigrants are seldom framed as a threat to the "Turkish way of life," and instead, the cowardice of immigrants is a frequently recurring concept in social media posts with patriotic content. This complex interplay between patriotism, welfare chauvinism, and anti-immigrant attitudes in Turkish politics is an area of ongoing research and analysis.[21]
Anti-Arab sentiments in the country have significantly increased since the influx of Syrian refugees into Turkey.[22][23][24][25]
As of March 2018, about 60% (600,000 primary and secondary education) of Syrian school-aged children under temporary protection remain in school.[26] The EU has supported education, through a €300 million direct grant to the Ministry of National Education.[26] Turkey's educational support:[26]
| This section needs to be updated. (December 2020) |
As of October 2014 (2011–2014), Turkey provided with its own resources:[4]
As of 31 March 2022[update] there are 3,763,565 registered Syrian refugees in Turkey.[27]
 | Graphs are unavailable due to technical issues. Updates on reimplementing the Graph extension, which will be known as the Chart extension, can be found on Phabricator and on MediaWiki.org. |
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