Arabic Infancy Gospel
New Testament apocryphal writing concerning the infancy of Jesus From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
The Arabic Infancy Gospel is a New Testament apocryphal writing concerning the infancy of Jesus. It may have been compiled as early as the sixth century, and was partly based on the Infancy Gospel of Thomas, the Gospel of James, and the Gospel of Pseudo-Matthew, though much of it is also based on oral tradition. The only two surviving manuscripts date from 1299 AD and the 15th/16th century in Arabic.[2][3][4] They were copied in the area of northern Iraq and show influence from the Quran.[5][6]
The Arabic Infancy Gospel is related to an older East Syriac work titled the History of the Virgin, as it is either an Arabic translation of it[7] or both of them are derived from a common source that might be identified as a Syriac language Infancy Gospel dating to the sixth century or earlier.[8] Both versions feature scenes of the baby Jesus working miracles in common settings. In both texts, Mary helps to bring about the circumstances from which these miracles take place in.[9]
Contents
It consists of three parts:
- The birth of Jesus – based on the Protevangelium of James
- Miracles during the Flight into Egypt – in relation with the Vision of Theophilus but also local traditions
- The miracles of Jesus as a boy – based on the Infancy Gospel of Thomas
It contains a number of embellishments on the earlier text, however, including a diaper (of Jesus) that heals people, sweat (of Jesus) that turns into balm, curing leprosy, and dyeing cloth varied colours using only indigo dye. It also claims earlier encounters for Jesus with Judas Iscariot, and with the thieves with whom he is later crucified, as well as being one of the earliest documents.
Dating
Summarize
Perspective
Although this Gospel is thought to have originated from Syriac sources dating back to the fifth or sixth century,[10] it has become known to European readers by way of an Arabic version published by Henry Sike in 1697 together with a Latin translation.[11] The preface to the William Hone translation states, "It was received by the Gnostics, a sect of Christians in the second century..."[12] The earliest known mention of the Gospel was by Isho'dad of Merv, a ninth-century Syrian church father, in his biblical commentary concerning the Gospel of Matthew. The narrative of the Arabic Infancy Gospel, particularly the second part concerning the miracles in Egypt, can also be found in the Quran. Some critical scholarship claim its presence in the Qu'ran may be due to the influence the Gospel had among the Arabs. It is not known for certain that the Gospel was present in the Hejaz, but it can be seen as likely.[13] However, according to Islamic scholars the Gospel was translated into Arabic in the post-Islamic period due to the difficulty that 16th century Europeans would have in translating early Arabic's defective script into Latin as well as the extreme rarity of written texts in Pre-Islamic Arabia.[14] Most recent research in the field of Islamic studies by Sydney Griffith et al. (2013), David D. Grafton (2014), Clair Wilde (2014) & ML Hjälm et al. (2016 & 2017) assert that "all one can say about the possibility of a pre-Islamic, Christian version of the Gospel in Arabic is that no sure sign of its actual existence has yet emerged."[15][16][17][18][19] Additionally ML Hjälm in her most recent research (2017) inserts that "manuscripts containing translations of the gospels are encountered no earlier than the year 873".[20] However, according to scholars such as Gabriel S. Reynolds, it doesn't necessarily means that the transmissions have to come from written sources, but rather from Jewish and Christian sources that circulated orally in late antique near east.[21]
Quranic parallels
Historians working in Quranic studies have discussed a parallel between the Arabic Infancy Gospel and the Quran (Surah 19:29–34) where Jesus speaks from the cradle, though the question of priority between the two is unresolved.
Arabic Infancy Gospel 2: "He has said that Jesus spoke, and, indeed, when He was lying in His cradle said to Mary His mother: I am Jesus, the Son of God, the Logos, whom thou hast brought forth, as the Angel Gabriel announced to thee; and my Father has sent me for the salvation of the world."[22]
Surah 19:29–34: "But she pointed to the babe. They said: "How can we talk to one who is a child in the cradle?" He said: "I am indeed a servant of Allah: He hath given me revelation and made me a prophet; And He hath made me blessed wheresoever I be, and hath enjoined on me Prayer and Charity as long as I live; (He) hath made me kind to my mother, and not overbearing or miserable; So peace is on me the day I was born, the day that I die, and the day that I shall be raised up to life (again)"! Such (was) Jesus the son of Mary: (it is) a statement of truth, about which they (vainly) dispute.[23]
Zoroastrian connection
The third chapter of this Gospel covers the story of the wise men of the East, which, in some respects, closely follows the version of the story from Matthew. Unlike Matthew, however, this account cites Zoradascht (Zoroaster) as the source of the prophecy that motivated the wise men to seek the infant Jesus.[24]
Editions
Two major editions of the Arabic Infancy Gospel have been published. The earlier one was by Heinrich Sike in 1697, based on a manuscript he used from the fifteenth century. The second was by Mario E. Provera using a manuscript from 1299.[25]
See also
References
Further reading
External links
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