Syllidae, commonly known as the necklace worms ,[2] is a family of small to medium-sized polychaete worms . Syllids are distinguished from other polychaetes by the presence of a muscular region of the anterior digestive tract known as the proventricle .[3] [4]
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Schizogamy in syllid polychaete
Syllid worms range in size from 2–3 mm (0.08–0.12 in) to 14 centimetres (5.5 in) . Most syllids are benthic organisms that transition to a pelagic epitoke for reproduction. They are found in all regions of the ocean, from the intertidal zone to the deep sea , and are especially abundant in shallow water.[3] [5]
They are found in a range of habitats, moving actively on rock and sandy substrates, hiding in crevices and among seaweeds, and climbing on sponges, corals, hydrozoans, seagrasses and mangroves. They are generalist feeders.[6] A young Syllid was one of the first worms to be found with pollen from seagrass in its stomach, making it a possible pollinator.[7]
The proventricle , Syllid worm's most distinctive anatomical feature, allows the worm to feed by sucking due to its pumping action. It also plays a role in hormone production, and thus the worm's sexual development.[4] The proventricle is composed of strirated muscle cells with the longest known sacromeres among animals.[8] The proventricle is usually visible through the body wall.[9]
Syllis ramosa was the first polychaete discovered to have a branching body plan.[10] Later, two species of Ramisyllis were discovered to have a branching body plan.
Anoplosyllinae
Autolytinae
Eusyllinae
Exogoninae
Syllinae
Syllis
Syllis aciculigrossa (San Martín, 1990)
Syllis adamantea (Treadwell, 1914)
Syllis albae Álvarez-Campos & Verdes, 2017
Syllis albanyensis (Hartmann-Schröder, 1984)
Syllis alosae San Martín, 1992
Syllis alternata Moore, 1908
Syllis amica Quatrefages, 1866
Syllis amicarmillaris Simon, San Martín & Robinson, 2014
Syllis anoculata (Hartmann-Schröder, 1962)
Syllis antoniae Salcedo Oropeza, San Martín & Solís-Weiss, 2012
Syllis armillaris (O.F. Müller, 1776)
Syllis augeneri Haswell, 1920
Syllis barbata San Martín, 1992
Syllis bella Chamberlin, 1919
Syllis beneliahuae (Campoy & Alquézar, 1982)
Syllis benguellana Day, 1963
Syllis boggemanni San Martín, Álvarez-Campos & Hutchings, 2017
Syllis botosaneanui (Hartmann-Schröder, 1973)
Syllis brasiliensis McIntosh, 1885
Syllis breviarticulata Grube, 1857
Syllis brevicirrata McIntosh, 1908
Syllis brevicirris Hansen, 1882
Syllis broomensis (Hartmann-Schröder, 1979)
Syllis caeca Monro, 1933
Syllis castroviejoi Capa, San Martín & López, 2001
Syllis cerina Grube, 1878
Syllis cirrita Lee & Rho, 1994
Syllis columbretensis (Campoy, 1982)
Syllis compacta Gravier, 1900
Syllis corallicola Verrill, 1900
Syllis cornuta Rathke, 1843
Syllis crassicirrata (Treadwell, 1925)
Syllis cruzi Núñez & San Martín, 1991
Syllis curticirris Monro, 1937
Syllis danieli San Martín, 1992
Syllis deleoni Salcedo Oropeza, San Martín & Solís-Weiss, 2012
Syllis edensis (Hartmann-Schröder, 1989)
Syllis elongata (Johnson, 1901)
Syllis ergeni Çinar, 2005
Syllis erikae (Hartmann-Schröder, 1981)
Syllis fasciata Malmgren, 1867
Syllis ferrani Alós & San Martín, 1987
Syllis filidentata (Hartmann-Schröder, 1962)
Syllis garciai (Campoy, 1982)
Syllis gerlachi (Hartmann-Schröder, 1960)
Syllis gerundensis (Alós & Campoy, 1981)
Syllis glandulata Nogueira & San Martín, 2002
Syllis glarearia (Westheide, 1974)
Syllis golfonovensis (Hartmann-Schröder, 1962)
Syllis gracilis Grube, 1840
Syllis guidae Nogueira & Yunda-Guarin, 2008
Syllis heterochaeta Moore, 1909
Syllis hyalina Grube, 1863
Syllis hyllebergi (Licher, 1999)
Syllis joaoi San Martín, Álvarez-Campos & Hutchings, 2017
Syllis jorgei San Martín & López, 2000
Syllis kabilica Ben-Eliahu, 1977
Syllis karlae San Martín, Álvarez-Campos & Hutchings, 2017
Syllis kas Lucas, Sikorski & San Martín, 2018
Syllis komodoensis Aguado, San Martín & ten Hove, 2008
Syllis krohnii Ehlers, 1864
Syllis lagunae Tovar-Hernández, Hernández-Alcántara & Solís-Weiss, 2008
Syllis latifrons Grube, 1857
Syllis licheri Ravara, San Martín & Moreira, 2004
Syllis limbata Grube, 1880
Syllis longesegmentata Grube, 1857
Syllis lunaris (Imajima, 1966)
Syllis lutea (Hartmann-Schröder, 1960)
Syllis luteoides (Hartmann-Schröder, 1962)
Syllis macroceras Grube, 1857
Syllis macrodentata (Hartmann-Schröder, 1982)
Syllis magdalena Wesenberg-Lund, 1962
Syllis magnapalpa (Hartmann-Schröder, 1965)
Syllis marceloi San Martín, Álvarez-Campos & Hutchings, 2017
Syllis marugani Aguado, San Martín & Nishi, 2006
Syllis maryae San Martín, 1992
Syllis mauretanica (Licher, 1999)
Syllis mayeri Musco & Giangrande, 2005
Syllis mercedesae Lucas, San Martín & Parapar, 2012
Syllis mexicana (Rioja, 1960)
Syllis microoculata (Hartmann-Schröder, 1965)
Syllis monilaris Savigny in Lamarck, 1818
Syllis mytilorum Studer, 1889
Syllis nigra Augener, 1925
Syllis nigrescens Grube, 1878
Syllis nigricirris Grube, 1863
Syllis nigriscens Grube, 1878
Syllis nigropunctata Haswell, 1886
Syllis notocera Ehlers, 1905
Syllis nuchalis (Hartmann-Schröder, 1960)
Syllis obscura Grube, 1857
Syllis onkylochaeta Hartmann-Schröder, 1991
Syllis ortizi San Martín, 1992
Syllis parapari San Martín & López, 2000
Syllis parturiens Haswell, 1920
Syllis pectinans Haswell, 1920
Syllis picta (Kinberg, 1866)
Syllis pigmentata (Chamberlin, 1919)
Syllis pilosa Aguado, San Martín & Nishi, 2008
Syllis pontxioi San Martín & López, 2000
Syllis profunda Cognetti, 1955
Syllis prolifera Krohn, 1852
Syllis prolixa Ehlers, 1901
Syllis pseudoarmillaris Nogueira & San Martín, 2002
Syllis pulvinata (Langerhans, 1881)
Syllis quadrifasciata Fischli, 1900
Syllis quaternaria Moore, 1906
Syllis ramosa McIntosh, 1879
Syllis riojai (San Martín, 1990)
Syllis robertianae McIntosh, 1885
Syllis rosea (Langerhans, 1879)
Syllis rubicunda Aguado, San Martín & Nishi, 2008
Syllis rudolphi Delle Chiaje, 1841
Syllis schulzi (Hartmann-Schröder, 1960)
Syllis sclerolaema Ehlers, 1901
Syllis setoensis (Imajima, 1966)
Syllis sol San Martín, 2004
Syllis stenura Blanchard in Gay, 1849
Syllis tamarae Álvarez-Campos & Verdes, 2017
Syllis tiedemanni Delle Chiaje, 1841
Syllis torquata Marion & Bobretzky, 1875
Syllis tripantu Álvarez-Campos & Verdes, 2017
Syllis truncata Haswell, 1920
Syllis tyrrhena (Licher & Kuper, 1998)
Syllis umbricolor Grube, 1878
Syllis unzima Simon, San Martín & Robinson, 2014
Syllis valida Grube, 1857
Syllis variegata Grube, 1860
Syllis villenai Aguado, San Martín & ten Hove, 2008
Syllis violacea Grube, 1870
Syllis vittata Grube, 1840
Syllis vivipara Krohn, 1869
Syllis warrnamboolensis (Hartmann-Schröder, 1987)
Syllis westheidei San Martín, 1984
Syllis yallingupensis (Hartmann-Schröder, 1982)
Syllis ypsiloides Aguado, San Martín & ten Hove, 2008
Ramisyllis
Wikimedia Commons has media related to
Syllidae .
Sigvaldadottir, Elin; Mackie, Andrew S.Y.; Helgason, Gudmundur V.; Reish, Donald J.; Svavarsson, Jorundur; Steingrimsson, Sigmar A.; Gudmundsson, Gudmundur (2013). Advances in Polychaete Research . Springer Science & Business Media. p. 288. ISBN 978-94-017-0655-1 .