Syllidae
Family of annelids From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Syllidae, commonly known as the necklace worms,[2] is a family of small to medium-sized polychaete worms. Syllids are distinguished from other polychaetes by the presence of a muscular region of the anterior digestive tract known as the proventricle.[3][4]
| Syllidae | |
|---|---|
| |
| Syllis gracilis micrograph, showing the distinctive barrel-shaped proventricle | |
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Annelida |
| Clade: | Pleistoannelida |
| Subclass: | Errantia |
| Order: | Phyllodocida |
| Suborder: | Nereidiformia |
| Family: | Syllidae Grube 1850[1] |
| Synonyms | |
|
Levidoridae | |
Syllid worms range in size from 2–3 mm (0.08–0.12 in) to 14 centimetres (5.5 in). Most syllids are benthic organisms that transition to a pelagic epitoke for reproduction. They are found in all regions of the ocean, from the intertidal zone to the deep sea, and are especially abundant in shallow water.[3][5]
They are found in a range of habitats, moving actively on rock and sandy substrates, hiding in crevices and among seaweeds, and climbing on sponges, corals, hydrozoans, seagrasses and mangroves. They are generalist feeders.[6] A young Syllid was one of the first worms to be found with pollen from seagrass in its stomach, making it a possible pollinator.[7]
The proventricle, Syllid worm's most distinctive anatomical feature, allows the worm to feed by sucking due to its pumping action. It also plays a role in hormone production, and thus the worm's sexual development.[4] The proventricle is composed of strirated muscle cells with the longest known sacromeres among animals.[8] The proventricle is usually visible through the body wall.[9]
Syllis ramosa was the first polychaete discovered to have a branching body plan.[10] Later, two species of Ramisyllis were discovered to have a branching body plan.
Subfamilies
- Anoplosyllinae
- Streptosyllis
- Streptosyllis bidentata (Southern, 1914)
- Streptosyllis websteri (Southern, 1914)
- Syllides
- Syllides benedicti (Banse, 1971)
- Syllides longocirrata (Ørsted, 1845)
- Streptosyllis
- Eusyllinae
- Eusyllis
- Eusyllis assimilis (Marenzeller, 1875)
- Eusyllis blomstrandi (Malmgren, 1867)
- Eusyllis lamelligera (Marion & Bobretzky, 1875)
- Nudisyllis
- Nudisyllis divaricata (Keferstein, 1862)
- Nudisyllis pulligera (Krohn, 1852)
- Odontosyllis
- Odontosyllis ctenostoma (Claparède, 1868)
- Odontosyllis enopla (Verrill, 1900)
- Odontosyllis fulgurans (Audouin & Milne-Edwards, 1833)
- Odontosyllis gibba (Claparède, 1863)
- Odontosyllis phosphorea (Moore, 1909)
- Opisthodonta
- Opisthodonta longocirrata (Saint-Joseph, 1886)
- Pionosyllis
- Pionosyllis compacta (Malmgren, 1867)
- Pionosyllis serratisetosa (López, San Martín & Jiménez, 1997)
- Synmerosyllis
- Synmerosyllis lamelligera (Saint-Joseph, 1886)
- Eusyllis
- Autolytinae
- Epigamia
- Epigamia alexandri (Malmgren, 1867)
- Myrianida
- Myrianida brachycephala (Marenzeller, 1874)
- Myrianida edwarsi (Saint-Joseph, 1886)
- Myrianida inermis (Saint-Joseph, 1886)
- Myrianida langerhansi (Gidholm, 1967)
- Myrianida pinnigera (Montagu, 1808)
- Myrianida prolifera (O.F. Müller, 1788)
- Myrianida quinquedecimdentata (Langerhans, 1884)
- Myrianida rubropunctata (Grube, 1860)
- Proceraea
- Proceraea aurantiaca (Claparède, 1868)
- Proceraea cornuta (Agassiz, 1862)
- Proceraea picta (Ehlers, 1864)
- Proceraea prismatica (O.F. Müller, 1776)
- Procerastea halleziana (Malaquin, 1893)
- Procerastea nematodes (Langerhans, 1884)
- Epigamia
- Exogoninae
- Brania
- Brania pusilla (Dujardin, 1851)
- Erinaceusyllis
- Erinaceusyllis cirripapillata (San Martín, 2005)
- Erinaceusyllis erinaceus (Claparède, 1863)
- Erinaceusyllis ettiennei (San Martín, 2005)
- Erinaceusyllis hartmannschroederae (San Martín, 2005)
- Erinaceusyllis kathrynae (San Martín, 2005)
- Salvatoria
- Salvatoria clavata (Claparède, 1863)
- Salvatoria limbata (Claparède, 1868)
- Salvatoria swedmarki (Gidholm, 1962)
- Exogone
- Exogone dispar (Webster, 1879)
- Exogone naidina (Ørsted, 1845)
- Exogone verugera (Claparède, 1868)
- Parexogone
- Parexogone longicirris (Webster & Benedict, 1887)
- Parexogone hebes (Webster & Benedict, 1884)
- Prosphaerosyllis
- Prosphaerosyllis tetralix (Eliason, 1920)
- Sphaerosyllis
- Sphaerosyllis bardukaciculata (San Martín, 2005)
- Sphaerosyllis bulbosa (Southern, 1914)
- Sphaerosyllis goorabantennata (San Martín, 2005)
- Sphaerosyllis georgeharrisoni (San Martín, 2005)
- Sphaerosyllis hystrix (Claparède, 1863)
- Sphaerosyllis levantina(Faulwetter et al., 2011)
- Sphaerosyllis pirifera (Claparède, 1868)
- Sphaerosyllis taylori (Perkins, 1980)
- Sphaerosyllis voluntariorum (San Martín, 2005)
- Brania
- Syllinae
- Syllis
- Syllis aciculigrossa (San Martín, 1990)
- Syllis adamantea (Treadwell, 1914)
- Syllis albae (Álvarez-Campos & Verdes, 2017)
- Syllis albanyensis (Hartmann-Schröder, 1984)
- Syllis alosae (San Martín, 1992)
- Syllis alternata (Moore, 1908)
- Syllis amica (Quatrefages, 1866)
- Syllis amicarmillaris (Simon, San Martín & Robinson, 2014)
- Syllis anoculata (Hartmann-Schröder, 1962)
- Syllis antoniae (Salcedo Oropeza, San Martín & Solís-Weiss, 2012)
- Syllis armillaris (O.F. Müller, 1776)
- Syllis augeneri (Haswell, 1920)
- Syllis barbata (San Martín, 1992)
- Syllis bella (Chamberlin, 1919)
- Syllis beneliahuae (Campoy & Alquézar, 1982)
- Syllis benguellana (Day, 1963)
- Syllis boggemanni (San Martín, Álvarez-Campos & Hutchings, 2017)
- Syllis botosaneanui (Hartmann-Schröder, 1973)
- Syllis brasiliensis (McIntosh, 1885)
- Syllis breviarticulata (Grube, 1857)
- Syllis brevicirrata (McIntosh, 1908)
- Syllis brevicirris (Hansen, 1882)
- Syllis broomensis (Hartmann-Schröder, 1979)
- Syllis caeca (Monro, 1933)
- Syllis castroviejoi (Capa, San Martín & López, 2001)
- Syllis cerina (Grube, 1878)
- Syllis cirrita (Lee & Rho, 1994)
- Syllis columbretensis (Campoy, 1982)
- Syllis compacta (Gravier, 1900)
- Syllis corallicola (Verrill, 1900)
- Syllis cornuta (Rathke, 1843)
- Syllis crassicirrata (Treadwell, 1925)
- Syllis cruzi (Núñez & San Martín, 1991)
- Syllis curticirris (Monro, 1937)
- Syllis danieli (San Martín, 1992)
- Syllis deleoni (Salcedo Oropeza, San Martín & Solís-Weiss, 2012)
- Syllis edensis (Hartmann-Schröder, 1989)
- Syllis elongata (Johnson, 1901)
- Syllis ergeni (Çinar, 2005)
- Syllis erikae (Hartmann-Schröder, 1981)
- Syllis fasciata (Malmgren, 1867)
- Syllis ferrani (Alós & San Martín, 1987)
- Syllis filidentata (Hartmann-Schröder, 1962)
- Syllis garciai (Campoy, 1982)
- Syllis gerlachi (Hartmann-Schröder, 1960)
- Syllis gerundensis (Alós & Campoy, 1981)
- Syllis glandulata (Nogueira & San Martín, 2002)
- Syllis glarearia (Westheide, 1974)
- Syllis golfonovensis (Hartmann-Schröder, 1962)
- Syllis gracilis (Grube, 1840)
- Syllis guidae (Nogueira & Yunda-Guarin, 2008)
- Syllis heterochaeta (Moore, 1909)
- Syllis hyalina (Grube, 1863)
- Syllis hyllebergi (Licher, 1999)
- Syllis joaoi (San Martín, Álvarez-Campos & Hutchings, 2017)
- Syllis jorgei (San Martín & López, 2000)
- Syllis kabilica (Ben-Eliahu, 1977)
- Syllis karlae (San Martín, Álvarez-Campos & Hutchings, 2017)
- Syllis kas (Lucas, Sikorski & San Martín, 2018)
- Syllis komodoensis (Aguado, San Martín & ten Hove, 2008)
- Syllis krohnii (Ehlers, 1864)
- Syllis lagunae (Tovar-Hernández, Hernández-Alcántara & Solís-Weiss, 2008)
- Syllis latifrons (Grube, 1857)
- Syllis licheri (Ravara, San Martín & Moreira, 2004)
- Syllis limbata (Grube, 1880)
- Syllis longesegmentata (Grube, 1857)
- Syllis lunaris (Imajima, 1966)
- Syllis lutea (Hartmann-Schröder, 1960)
- Syllis luteoides (Hartmann-Schröder, 1962)
- Syllis macroceras (Grube, 1857)
- Syllis macrodentata (Hartmann-Schröder, 1982)
- Syllis magdalena (Wesenberg-Lund, 1962)
- Syllis magnapalpa (Hartmann-Schröder, 1965)
- Syllis marceloi (San Martín, Álvarez-Campos & Hutchings, 2017)
- Syllis marugani (Aguado, San Martín & Nishi, 2006)
- Syllis maryae (San Martín, 1992)
- Syllis mauretanica (Licher, 1999)
- Syllis mayeri (Musco & Giangrande, 2005)
- Syllis mercedesae (Lucas, San Martín & Parapar, 2012)
- Syllis mexicana (Rioja, 1960)
- Syllis microoculata (Hartmann-Schröder, 1965)
- Syllis monilaris (Savigny in Lamarck, 1818)
- Syllis mytilorum (Studer, 1889)
- Syllis nigra (Augener, 1925)
- Syllis nigrescens (Grube, 1878)
- Syllis nigricirris (Grube, 1863)
- Syllis nigriscens (Grube, 1878)
- Syllis nigropunctata (Haswell, 1886)
- Syllis notocera (Ehlers, 1905)
- Syllis nuchalis (Hartmann-Schröder, 1960)
- Syllis obscura (Grube, 1857)
- Syllis onkylochaeta (Hartmann-Schröder, 1991)
- Syllis ortizi (San Martín, 1992)
- Syllis parapari (San Martín & López, 2000)
- Syllis parturiens (Haswell, 1920)
- Syllis pectinans (Haswell, 1920)
- Syllis picta (Kinberg, 1866)
- Syllis pigmentata (Chamberlin, 1919)
- Syllis pilosa (Aguado, San Martín & Nishi, 2008)
- Syllis pontxioi (San Martín & López, 2000)
- Syllis profunda (Cognetti, 1955)
- Syllis prolifera (Krohn, 1852)
- Syllis prolixa (Ehlers, 1901)
- Syllis pseudoarmillaris (Nogueira & San Martín, 2002)
- Syllis pulvinata (Langerhans, 1881)
- Syllis quadrifasciata (Fischli, 1900)
- Syllis quaternaria (Moore, 1906)
- Syllis ramosa (McIntosh, 1879)
- Syllis riojai (San Martín, 1990)
- Syllis robertianae (McIntosh, 1885)
- Syllis rosea (Langerhans, 1879)
- Syllis rubicunda (Aguado, San Martín & Nishi, 2008)
- Syllis rudolphi (Delle Chiaje, 1841)
- Syllis schulzi (Hartmann-Schröder, 1960)
- Syllis sclerolaema (Ehlers, 1901)
- Syllis setoensis (Imajima, 1966)
- Syllis sol (San Martín, 2004)
- Syllis stenura (Blanchard in Gay, 1849)
- Syllis tamarae (Álvarez-Campos & Verdes, 2017)
- Syllis tiedemanni (Delle Chiaje, 1841)
- Syllis torquata (Marion & Bobretzky, 1875)
- Syllis tripantu (Álvarez-Campos & Verdes, 2017)
- Syllis truncata (Haswell, 1920)
- Syllis tyrrhena (Licher & Kuper, 1998)
- Syllis umbricolor (Grube, 1878)
- Syllis unzima (Simon, San Martín & Robinson, 2014)
- Syllis valida (Grube, 1857)
- Syllis variegata (Grube, 1860)
- Syllis villenai (Aguado, San Martín & ten Hove, 2008)
- Syllis violacea (Grube, 1870)
- Syllis vittata (Grube, 1840)
- Syllis vivipara (Krohn, 1869)
- Syllis warrnamboolensis (Hartmann-Schröder, 1987)
- Syllis westheidei (San Martín, 1984)
- Syllis yallingupensis (Hartmann-Schröder, 1982)
- Syllis ypsiloides (Aguado, San Martín & ten Hove, 2008)
- Ramisyllis
- Ramisyllis multicaudata (Glasby, Schroeder & Aguado, 2012)
- Ramisyllis kingghidorahi (M. Teresa Aguado, et al. 2022)
- Syllis
References
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