Spatial citizenship

Spatial citizenship describes the ability of individuals and groups to interact and participate in societal spatial decision making through the reflexive production and use of geo-media (geographic media such as maps, virtual globes, GIS, and the Geoweb). Spatial citizens are lay users who are able to use geo-media to question existing perspectives on action in space (e.g. social rules, spatial planning) and to produce, communicate, and negotiate alternative spatial visions.

Spatial citizenship is an educational approach at the intersection of citizenship education and geography education. Its main theoretical reference points are emancipatory forms of citizenship and the "reflexive appropriation of space".^[1]

Reference points in citizenship education

Spatial citizenship can be distinguished from traditional citizenship education approaches in many respects:

• Spatial citizenship respects multiple institutional and locational setups. It is de-linked from traditional national "citizenship" as it is not tied to the nation or local state as predefined spatial entities. Spatial citizenship is based upon the principles of human rights and democratic negotiation to ensure a basis for conciliation and compromise.^{[citation needed]} It is based on the concept of activist citizenship (in contrast to active citizenship) formulated by Katharyne Mitchell and Sarah Elwood, who challenge unquestioned social rules that limit participation.^[2]
• Spatial citizenship refers to an open and flexible conception of social institutions. It supplants the notion of belonging to one specific place with the notion of belonging to multiple and fluid communities that may or may not be linked with a particular location on the Earth's surface. Angharad Stephens and Vicki Squire have argued that societal negotiation processes have shifted away from fixed communities due to new information technologies.^[3][4]
• Spatial citizenship draws special attention to web communities and geo-social networks. A spatial citizen is a 'self-actualizing citizen' who, in contrast to the 'dutiful citizen' concept of the past, is able to use Web 2.0 and cloud-based applications to compare different and potentially contradicting information sources and communicate his/her own alternative ideas via collaborative web tools.^[5][6]

Reference points in social geography: appropriation of space

Spatial citizenship has become a conceptual reference point in theories of action-oriented social geography and new cultural geography.^[7] These approaches contend that human beings constantly appropriate spaces, as they attach meanings to geographically located physical matter in order to prepare it for their own actions.^{[8][page needed]}

In these theories, spaces are regarded as being socially constructed. To a large extent, the attachment of meaning works unconsciously, following socially accepted, mainstream categories and discourses.^{[citation needed]} Meanings given to physical objects determine the actions deemed possible. For instance, a field of asphalt in a city centre might have multiple meanings: it may be interpreted as a parking area as well as a place for ball games, with both meanings competing for dominance. As soon as one meaning becomes superior, which is a result of social power relations, the other meaning may decline, become invisible, and eventually is not used anymore. The superiority of a specific meaning over another one might be supported by artifacts representing meanings attached, such as signs on buildings, structural modifications of the physical environment, or symbols and explanations of the socio-cultural significance of places and objects in spatial representations visualized via geo-media.^{[citation needed]}

A mature appropriation of space therefore includes the conscious attachment of meaning as well as awareness of meanings being attached to places by others. It includes a sensibility to the multitude of meanings transported and hidden by a mainstream discourse. Keys to the mature appropriation of space are therefore the deconstruction of socially produced meanings, as well as the ability to communicate one's own, potentially contradictory meanings and negotiate them with others. This process is often mediated through the formation of a collective spatialized identity. Given that space – its uses and symbolic significance – is often the site of social and political struggle, it becomes the container for action while at the same time shaping the group development of a "us". In particular, when groups re-imagine public space for political usages, this expression of spatial citizenship is the outcome of a spatially informed collective identity.^[9]

Spatial citizenship in the geoinformation society

Geographic media (geo-media) are especially important for attaching meaning to places as they clearly connect location, information and visualization. In addition to this, geo-media represents mainly single meanings out of the many that are possible. Nowadays, geo-media have become more and more present in everyday life due to mobile computing in combination with Geoweb applications. For instance, maps on smart phones guide people in their everyday actions, but at the same time limit their opportunities for action by limiting the variety of potential meanings.^[10]

Scholars of spatial citizenship understand geo-media as instruments of reflection and communication.

• Reflection on geo-media means reflecting on the limitations of previously given meanings by using theories of critical cartography to ask which aspects of potential relevance for a certain spatial problem or decision making are included and excluded in the given meanings.^[11] At the same time, self-reflection requires being aware of one's own, subjective hypothesis construction while using geo-media.^[12] Both aspects allow for a more mature appropriation of space with geo-media, while being aware of and gaining insight into the construction process of meanings attached to space.
• Communication with geo-media means communicating using spatial representations. Thanks to user-friendly web mapping tools within the Geoweb, users (prosumers) can easily produce their own geo-media and share it web-wide. Collaboration features allow for the negotiation of constructions of space with other users, for example through volunteered geographic information (VGI). The study of spatial citizenship examines subjectivity, impact on everyday action, social power relations, competition, and negotiation in VGI.^{[citation needed]} Spatial citizenship also aims at increasing awareness of geographic information produced involuntarily by users through automatic data collection that many Geoweb platforms (especially mobile phones) include to support the interests of service providers (see location-based services).

Education

The goal of education for spatial citizenship is to enable learners to achieve a reflexive appropriation of space as the basis for mature action in space by reflective geo-media use and active, reflective geo-media production.^[7] Using a broad variety of learning environments orientated toward the learners' needs, the educational approach of spatial citizenship is applicable at different levels from primary to tertiary education. Apart from technological proficiency, spatial citizenship education aims at two additional main competencies:

• Being able to achieve a reflective use of geo-media, while understanding the process of the social construction of spaces, with the result of either consciously accepting given meanings or producing alternative meanings.
• Being able to communicate alternative meanings effectively with geo-media and using geo-media as instruments to support argumentation in negotiation processes on contradictory meanings.

Scientific response

The European Commission-funded project SPACIT furthers education for spatial citizenship by developing teacher training standards, curricula, and learning modules for teacher education.^[13] Another EU-funded project, digital-earth.eu, linked with the SPACIT project by connecting stakeholders using or interested in using geo-media in education.^[14] It supported spatial citizenship through the creation of educational standards, the collection of best-practice examples, and the provision of learning environments applicable to teachers in everyday classroom situations. Digital-earth.eu also promoted these concepts related to spatial citizenship in political circles concerned with the development of the Europe2020 goals.^[15]

References

1. Boscaljon, Daniel (Spring 2014). "The reflexive appropriation of space". Iowa Journal of Cultural Studies. 15: 3–11. doi:10.17077/2168-569X.1438.
2. Elwood, Sarah; Mitchell, Katharyne (Winter 2013). "Another politics is possible: neogeographies, visual spatial tactics, and political formation". Cartographica. 48 (4): 275–292. doi:10.3138/carto.48.4.1729. S2CID 39108360. Recognizing neogeography as a site of political formation paves the way toward realizing its broader potential in the development and practice of a critical spatial citizenship. We develop these arguments from a three-year neogeography project conducted with young teens. [...] As an example of neogeography politics conceived as strategy, Gryl and Jekel (2012) argue that collaborative online "geo-media" (which has been termed neogeography in this article) can be sites for the development and practice of critical spatial citizenship. They argue that this critical spatial citizenship depends upon citizens' abilities to engage in "strategic practices" (de Certeau 1984), such as having the cartographic and spatial thinking skills necessary to use geo-media in ways that will be recognized by policymakers or other citizens and to use these platforms to disseminate their own spatial narratives or challenge those put forth by others.
3. Stephens, Angharad Closs; Squire, Vicki (June 2012). "Politics through a web: citizenship and community unbound" (PDF). Environment and Planning D: Society and Space. 30 (3): 551–567. Bibcode:2012EnPlD..30..551S. doi:10.1068/d8511. S2CID 145679558. What happens to citizenship when the nation and the state are no longer assumed to be the inevitable starting points from which politics is defined? This article considers how a refusal of the nation as political community and a questioning of the state as guarantor of rights and responsibilities reconfigure our understandings of citizenship.
4. Carlos, Vânia; Gryl, Inga (2013). "Where do critical thinking and spatial citizenship meet? Proposing a framework of intersections". In Jekel, Thomas; Car, Adrijana; Strobl, Josef; Griesebner, Gerald (eds.). Creating the GISociety: conference proceedings. Berlin; Offenbach: Herbert Wichmann Verlag. pp. 306–316. ISBN 9783879075324. OCLC 854921245. Consequently, every citizen can produce own spatial narratives, and can communicate and negotiate them with others in fluent web communities (Closs Stephens & Squire 2012). This links to concepts of emancipated citizenship education (e.g. Bennett, Wells & Rank 2009; Mitchell & Elwood 2012) aimed to challenge existing frameworks of rules, referring to an ideological approach that considers power relations and divergent interests in society as driving forces.
5. Bennett, W. Lance; Wells, Chris; Rank, Allison (April 2009). "Young citizens and civic learning: two paradigms of citizenship in the digital age". Citizenship Studies. 13 (2): 105–120. doi:10.1080/13621020902731116. S2CID 32724864. The preponderance of school-based civic education programs reflects traditional paradigms of dutiful citizenship (DC) oriented to government through parties and voting, with citizens forming attentive publics who follow events in the news. The authors expand upon these conventional learning categories by identifying additional civic learning opportunities that reflect more self-actualizing (AC) styles of civic participation common among recent generations of youth who have been termed digital natives. Their AC learning styles favor interactive, networked activities often communicated through participatory media such as videos shared across online networks.
6. Gryl, Inga; Jekel, Thomas (2012). "Re-centring geoinformation in secondary education: toward a spatial citizenship approach". Cartographica. 47 (1): 18–28. doi:10.3138/carto.47.1.18.
7. Jekel, Thomas; Gryl, Inga; Schulze, Uwe (2015). "Education for spatial citizenship". In Solari, Osvaldo Muñiz; Demirci, Ali; Schee, Joop (eds.). Geospatial technologies and geography education in a changing world: geospatial practices and lessons learned. Tōkyō; New York: Springer Verlag. pp. 35–49. doi:10.1007/978-4-431-55519-3_4. ISBN 9784431555186. OCLC 900306594.
8. Werlen, Benno (1993). Society action and space: an alternative human geography. London; New York: Routledge. ISBN 978-0415069656. OCLC 25372963.
9. Sbicca, Joshua; Perdue, Robert Todd (2014). "Protest Through Presence: Spatial Citizenship and Identity Formation in Contestations of Neoliberal Crises" (PDF). Social Movement Studies. 13 (3): 309–327. doi:10.1080/14742837.2013.822782. S2CID 143659468.
10. Fischer, Florian (2014). "Everyday geomedia use and the appropriation of space". In Jekel, Thomas; Sanchez, Eric; Gryl, Inga; Juneau-Sion, Caroline; Lyon, John (eds.). Learning and teaching with geomedia. Newcastle upon Tyne, UK: Cambridge Scholars Publishing. pp. 10–28. ISBN 9781443862134. OCLC 885014629.
11. Harley, John Brian (Summer 1989). "Deconstructing the map". Cartographica. 26 (2): 1–20. doi:10.3138/E635-7827-1757-9T53.
12. MacEachren, Alan M.; Buttenfield, Barbara P.; Campbell, James B.; DiBiase, David W.; Monmonier, Mark (1992). "Visualization". In Abler, Ronald; Marcus, Melvin G.; Olson, Judy M. (eds.). Geography's inner worlds: pervasive themes in contemporary American geography. Occasional publications of the Association of American Geographers. Vol. 2. New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press. pp. 99–137. ISBN 978-0813518299. OCLC 25008961.
13. "SPACIT: education for spatial citizenship". European Commission. Retrieved 2012-10-29.
14. "Digital-earth.eu". European Commission. Archived from the original on 2015-09-10. Retrieved 2016-04-04.
15. "Europe2020: Europe's growth strategy". European Commission. Retrieved 2012-11-04.

Further reading

• Atzmanstorfer, Karl; Resl, Richard; Eitzinger, Anton; Izurieta, Xiomara (May 2014). "The GeoCitizen-approach: community-based spatial planning – an Ecuadorian case study". Cartography and Geographic Information Science. 41 (3): 248–259. Bibcode:2014CGISc..41..248A. doi:10.1080/15230406.2014.890546. PMC 4786845. PMID 27019644.
• Gryl, Inga; Schulze, Uwe; Kanwischer, Detlef (2013). "Spatial citizenship: the concept of competence". In Jekel, Thomas; Car, Adrijana; Strobl, Josef; Griesebner, Gerald (eds.). Creating the GISociety: conference proceedings. Berlin; Offenbach: Herbert Wichmann Verlag. pp. 282–293. ISBN 9783879075324. OCLC 854921245.
• Sbicca, Joshua; Perdue, Robert Todd (July 2014). "Protest through presence: spatial citizenship and identity formation in contestations of neoliberal crises" (PDF). Social Movement Studies. 13 (3): 309–327. doi:10.1080/14742837.2013.822782. S2CID 143659468.