Soviet Union at the Olympics

The Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR) first participated at the Olympic Games in 1952, and competed at the Summer and Winter Games on 18 occasions subsequently. At six of its nine appearances at the Summer Olympic Games, the Soviet team ranked first in the total number of gold medals won, second three times, and became the biggest contender to the United States' domination in the Summer Games. Similarly, the team was ranked first in the gold medal count seven times and second twice in its nine appearances at the Winter Olympic Games. The Soviet Union's success might be attributed to a heavy state investment in sports to fulfill its political objectives on an international stage.^[1]

Soviet Union at the Olympics
Flag of the Soviet Union
IOC code	URS
NOC	Soviet Olympic Committee
Medals Ranked 2nd	Gold 473 Silver 376 Bronze 355 Total 1,204
Summer appearances
1952 1956 1960 1964 1968 1972 1976 1980 1984 1988
Winter appearances
1956 1960 1964 1968 1972 1976 1980 1984 1988
Other related appearances
Russian Empire (1900–1912)  Estonia (1920–1936, 1992–)  Latvia (1924–1936, 1992–)  Lithuania (1924–1928, 1992–)  Unified Team (1992)  Armenia (1994–)  Belarus (1994–)  Georgia (1994–)  Kazakhstan (1994–)  Kyrgyzstan (1994–)  Moldova (1994–)  Russia (1994–2016)  Ukraine (1994–)  Uzbekistan (1994–)  Azerbaijan (1996–)  Tajikistan (1996–)  Turkmenistan (1996–)  Olympic Athletes from Russia (2018)  ROC (2020–2022)  Individual Neutral Athletes (2024)

Following the Russian Revolution of November 1917 and the Russian Civil War (1917–1922), the Soviet Union did not participate in international sporting events on ideological grounds;^[2] however, after World War II (1939–1945), dominating the Olympic Games came to be seen by Soviet officials and leaders as a useful method of promoting communism.^[3] The Olympic Committee of the USSR was formed on April 21, 1951, and the IOC recognised the new body in its 45th session (May 7, 1951). In the same year, when the Soviet representative Konstantin Andrianov became an IOC member, the USSR officially joined the Olympic Movement.

The 1952 Summer Olympics in Helsinki thus became first Olympic Games for Soviet athletes. On July 20, 1952 Nina Romashkova won the first Olympic gold medal in the history of Soviet sport, competing in the women's discus throw. Romashkova's result in this event (51.42 m) was the new Olympic record at that time.

The 1956 Winter Olympics in Cortina d'Ampezzo became the first Winter Olympic Games for Soviet athletes. There Lyubov Kozyreva won the first Winter Olympic gold medal in the history of Soviet sport, competing in the women's cross-country skiing 10 km event.

The USSR became the host nation for the 1980 Summer Olympics in Moscow. The United States and many other countries boycotted these Games in protest of the Soviet invasion of Afghanistan; the USSR led a boycott of the 1984 Games in Los Angeles.

Although the USSR ceased to exist on December 26, 1991, The Olympic Committee of the USSR formally existed until March 12, 1992, when it disbanded.^[4]

In 1992, 7 of the 15 former Soviet Republics competed together as the Unified Team and marched under the Olympic Flag in the Albertville Games, where they finished second in the medal rankings. The Unified Team also competed in the Barcelona Games later in the year (represented by 12 of the 15 ex-Republics), and finished first in the medal rankings at those Games.

Hosted Games

Soviet Union has hosted the Games on one occasion.

Games	Host city	Dates	Nations	Participants	Events
1980 Summer Olympics	Moscow, Russian SFSR	19 July – 3 August	80	5,179	203

Unsuccessful bids

Games	City	Winner of bid
1976 Summer Olympics	Moscow, Russian SFSR	Montreal, Canada

Participation

Timeline of participation

Date	Team
1900–1912	Russian Empire (RU1)
1920	Estonia (EST)
1924–1936		Latvia (LAT)	Lithuania (LTU)	as part of  Romania
1952–1988	Soviet Union (URS)
1992	Estonia (EST)	Latvia (LAT)	Lithuania (LTU)	Unified Team (EUN)
1994				Moldova (MDA)	Russia (RUS)	Belarus (BLR)	Armenia (ARM),  Georgia (GEO),  Kazakhstan (KAZ),  Kyrgyzstan (KGZ),  Ukraine (UKR),  Uzbekistan (UZB)
1996–2016								Azerbaijan (AZE),  Tajikistan (TJK),  Turkmenistan (TKM)
2018					Olympic Athletes from Russia (OAR)
2020–2022					Russian Olympic Committee (ROC)
2024–					Individual Neutral Athletes (AIN)

Medal tables

See also: All-time Olympic Games medal table

*Purple border colour indicates tournament was held on home soil.

Medals by Summer Games Games Athletes Gold Silver Bronze Total Rank 1952 Helsinki 295 22 30 19 71 2 1956 Melbourne 283 37 29 32 98 1 1960 Rome 284 43 29 31 103 1 1964 Tokyo 319 30 31 35 96 2 1968 Mexico City 313 29 32 30 91 2 1972 Munich 373 50 27 22 99 1 1976 Montreal 410 49 41 35 125 1 1980 Moscow 489 80 69 46 195 1 1984 Los Angeles did not participate 1988 Seoul 481 55 31 46 132 1 Total 395 319 296 1010 2

Medals by Winter Games Games Athletes Gold Silver Bronze Total Rank 1956 Cortina d'Ampezzo 55 7 3 6 16 1 1960 Squaw Valley 62 7 5 9 21 1 1964 Innsbruck 69 11 8 6 25 1 1968 Grenoble 74 5 5 3 13 2 1972 Sapporo 78 8 5 3 16 1 1976 Innsbruck 79 13 6 8 27 1 1980 Lake Placid 86 10 6 6 22 1 1984 Sarajevo 99 6 10 9 25 2 1988 Calgary 101 11 9 9 29 1 Total 78 57 59 194 4

Medals by summer sport   Leading in that sport Sport Gold Silver Bronze Total  Gymnastics 73 67 44 184  Athletics 64 55 74 193  Wrestling 62 31 23 116  Weightlifting 39 21 2 62  Canoeing 29 13 9 51  Fencing 18 15 16 49  Shooting 17 15 17 49  Boxing 14 19 18 51  Swimming 12 21 26 59  Rowing 12 20 10 42  Cycling 11 4 9 24  Volleyball 7 4 1 12  Equestrian 6 5 4 15  Judo 5 5 13 23  Modern pentathlon 5 5 5 15  Sailing 4 5 3 12  Diving 4 4 6 14  Basketball 4 4 4 12  Handball 4 1 1 6  Water polo 2 2 3 7  Football 2 0 3 5  Archery 1 3 3 7  Field hockey 0 0 2 2 Totals (23 entries) 395 319 296 1,010

Medals by winter sport Sport Gold Silver Bronze Total  Cross country skiing 25 22 21 68  Speed skating 24 17 19 60  Figure skating 10 9 5 24  Biathlon 9 5 5 19  Ice hockey 7 1 1 9  Luge 1 2 3 6  Bobsleigh 1 0 2 3  Ski jumping 1 0 0 1  Nordic combined 0 1 2 3  Alpine skiing 0 0 1 1 Totals (10 entries) 78 57 59 194

Medals by republic

In the following table for team events number of team representatives, who received medals are counted, not "one medal for all the team", as usual. Because there were people from different republics in one team.

Rank	Nation	Gold	Silver	Bronze	Total
1	Russian SFSR	705	429	403	1,537
2	Ukrainian SSR	166	108	110	384
3	Byelorussian SSR	49	35	28	112
4	Georgian SSR	31	21	29	81
5	Kazakh SSR	27	17	14	58
6	Lithuanian SSR	26	15	16	57
7	Latvian SSR	17	28	16	61
8	Armenian SSR	14	16	10	40
9	Estonian SSR	10	9	10	29
10	Tajik SSR	9	0	3	12
11	Azerbaijan SSR	7	18	6	31
12	Uzbek SSR	7	7	5	19
13	Kirghiz SSR	6	5	2	13
14	Moldavian SSR	3	6	3	12
15	Turkmen SSR	3	2	1	6
Totals (15 entries)		1,080	716	656	2,452

Controversies

The Soviet Union team at the opening ceremony of the 1964 Summer Olympics, led by Yury Vlasov

All Soviet athletes held some nominal jobs, but were in fact state-sponsored and trained full-time. According to many experts, that gave the Soviet Union a huge advantage over the United States and other Western countries, whose athletes were students or real amateurs.^[5][6] Indeed, the Soviet Union monopolized the top place in the medal standings after 1968, and, until its collapse, placed second only once, in the 1984 Winter games, after another Eastern bloc nation, the GDR. Amateur rules were relaxed only in the late 1980s and were almost completely abolished in the 1990s, after the fall of the USSR.^[7][8]

Doping

According to British journalist Andrew Jennings, a KGB colonel stated that the agency's officers had posed as anti-doping authorities from the International Olympic Committee (IOC) to undermine doping tests and that Soviet athletes were "rescued with [these] tremendous efforts".^[9][10] On the topic of the 1980 Summer Olympics, a 1989 Australian study said "There is hardly a medal winner at the Moscow Games, certainly not a gold medal winner, who is not on one sort of drug or another: usually several kinds. The Moscow Games might as well have been called the Chemists' Games."^[9]

Documents obtained in 2016 revealed the Soviet Union's plans for a statewide doping system in track and field in preparation for the 1984 Summer Olympics in Los Angeles. Dated prior to the country's decision to boycott the Games, the document detailed the existing steroids operations of the program, along with suggestions for further enhancements.^[11] The communication, directed to the Soviet Union's head of track and field, was prepared by Dr. Sergei Portugalov of the Institute for Physical Culture. Portugalov was also one of the main figures involved in the implementation of the Russian doping program prior to the 2016 Summer Olympics.^[11]

Flag bearers controversy

NOC symbol of the USSR

Soviet officials expected the flag bearer to show an example of an attractive, physically strong person and a distinguished athlete. He was expected to carry the flag through the Olympic ceremony in one hand unsupported by a harness. This presented a formidable physical task as the flag weighed 16 kilograms (35 lb) in the 1960s, and a sudden wind might further increase the physical load. Hence the Soviet flag bearers at the opening ceremony of the Summer Olympics were selected from among heavyweight weightlifters or wrestlers, who did not have to compete the next day.^[12]

Soviet officials also expected the flag bearer to win a gold medal at the given Olympics. Thus, the Soviet flag bearers at the Summer Olympics of 1952 (Yakov Kutsenko) and 1956 (Aleksey Medvedev) were not allowed to compete, even though both were top-level heavyweight weightlifters – Kutsenko placed second at the 1950 World Championships and Medvedev won the world title in 1956 and 1957 – because Soviet officials did not believe they would win a gold medal.^[12]

See also

• List of flag bearers for the Soviet Union at the Olympics
• Category:Olympic competitors for the Soviet Union
• Soviet Union at the Paralympics

References

1. "The Role of Sports in the Soviet Union | Guided History".
2. Keys, Barbara J. (2006), Globalizing Sport: National Rivalry and International Community in the 1930s, Harvard University Press, Cambridge, Massachusetts, ISBN 0-674-02326-9 (p. 159)
3. O'Mahony, Mike (2006), Sport in the USSR: Physical Culture—Visual Culture, Reaktion Books Ltd, London, ISBN 1-86189-267-5 (p. 19)
4. "WHAT HAPPENED TO THE SOVIET OLYMPIC COMMITTEE?". Retrieved 1 January 2024.
5. Washburn, J. N. (21 July 1974). "Soviet Amateur Athlete: A Real Pro". The New York Times.
6. "Sports in Soviet Union Only for Elite : There Are Top Athletes, and then There Are Those Who Sunbathe and Watch Drawbridges Go up". Los Angeles Times. 22 July 1986.
7. "The Role of Sports in The Soviet Union – Guided History". blogs.bu.edu.
8. "Info" (PDF). www.cia.gov. Archived from the original (PDF) on January 23, 2017.
9. Hunt, Thomas M. (2011). Drug Games: The International Olympic Committee and the Politics of Doping. University of Texas Press. p. 66. ISBN 978-0292739574.
10. Aleksandrov, Alexei; Aleksandrov, Grebeniuk; Runets, Volodymyr (July 22, 2020). "The 1980 Olympics Are The 'Cleanest' In History. Athletes Recall How Moscow Cheated The System". Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty. Retrieved December 26, 2021.
11. Ruiz, Rebecca R. (13 August 2016). "The Soviet Doping Plan: Document Reveals Illicit Approach to '84 Olympics". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 3 September 2016.
12. Kochetkov, Aleksandr (8 August 2008) Флагманы сборной. newizv.ru

External links

• "Olympic Results". International Olympic Committee.
• "Soviet Union". Olympedia.com.
• "Olympic Analytics/URS". olympanalyt.com.
• "The USSR and Olympism" (PDF). Olympic Review (84). International Olympic Committee: 530–557. October 1974. Retrieved 2008-03-28.