Kazim Rashti

Sayyid Kāẓim bin Qāsim al-Ḥusaynī ar-Rashtī (1793–1843) (Arabic: سيد كاظم بن قاسم الحسيني الرﺷتي), mostly known as Siyyid Kázim Rashtí (Persian: سید کاظم رشتی), was the son of Siyyid Qasim of Rasht, a town in northern Iran. He was appointed as the successor of Shaykh Ahmad al-Ahsa'i, and led the Shaykhí movement until his death.

Sayyid Kázim Rashtí
سید کاظم رشتی
Personal
Born	1793 Rasht, Persia
Died	1843(1843-00-00) (aged 49–50) Karbala, Baghdad Eyalet, Ottoman Empire (Present-day Iraq)
Religion	Islam
Era	Qajar dynasty
Denomination	Twelver Shia
Movement	Shaykhísm
Muslim leader
Influenced by Shaykh Ahmad, Abdullah Shubbar
Influenced Báb, Táhirih, Mullá Husayn, Quddús

He came from a family of well known merchants. He was a Shaykhi scholar who told his students about the coming of the Mahdi and the "Masih" (the return of Christ) and taught them how to recognize them. After his death in 1843, many of his students spread out around Asia, Europe and Africa for the search.

Upon his death he was buried near the tomb of Imam Hossein in Karbala.

Works

Sharh al-qasída al-lámíya

One of Siyyid Kazim’s most important works ^[1] is a 16,000 verse commentary on an Arabic ode.^[2] The text itself has not much to do with the actual content of the poem.^[3] The commentary is well known for Kazim’s depiction of the many levels, regions and inhabitants of the spiritual universe depicted as a “multi-faceted celestial, cosmic city”.^[4] It also includes discussion surrounding “the curtain of the city of knowledge” and its symbolism,^[5] the inception of an era of spirituality and “inward realities” as opposed to the “outward observances” and laws of the past,^[6] allusions to the significance of the word Baha (Splendour/Glory),^[7] as well as interpretations of Noah’s Ark and the light verse.^[8]

Successorship

On the death of Siyyid Kazim on 31 December 1843, some Shaykhis went on to become Babis, some of whom later became Baháʼís, and the rest split into three factions. Baháʼí sources claim that Ḥájí Mírzá Muḥammad-Karím Khán-i-Kirmání declared himself as the successor to Siyyid Káẓim.^[9]

It is also reported in the Baháʼí sources that before dying, instead of appointing a successor, he sent his disciples out to find the Promised One.^[10] One of his most noted followers, Mullá Husayn said:

"Our departed teacher insistently exhorted us to forsake our homes, to scatter far and wide, in quest of the promised Beloved... Regarding the features of the Promised One, he told us that He is of a pure lineage, is of illustrious descent, and of the seed of Fatimah. As to His age, He is more than twenty and less than thirty. He is endowed with innate knowledge. He is of medium height, abstains from smoking, and is free from bodily deficiency."

(quoted in Nabil-i-Aʻzam's The Dawn-Breakers", or "Nabil's Narrative", translated by Shoghi Effendi, p. 57)

In 1844 Mullá Husayn, after meeting the Siyyid ʻAlí-Muhammad (the Báb) in Shiraz accepted him as the Mahdi.

The Báb's relationship to Sayyid Káẓim

The Shaykhis had previously met Siyyid ʻAlí-Muhammad in Karbila' when he attended the meetings of Sayyid Káẓim. There is disagreement over the amount of time Sayyid Mírzá ʻAlí-Muhammad stayed in Karbila' and the frequency of his attending Sayyid Káẓim's lectures; Baháʼí sources state that the Báb only occasionally attended the meetings, while sources more critical to the Baháʼí Faith state that he stayed in Karbila for a year or two and learned the Shaykhi teachings. In the Bab's own writings, however, he refers to the Shaykhi leader as his teacher. Some statements include:

• E.G. Browne wrote that the Báb was in Karbila for two months meeting Siyyid Kazim occasionally:

  "He [the Báb] proceeded at some time antecedent to the year A.H. 1259 (in which year Siyyid Kázim died) to Karbilá, where he resided for some time (two months, according to the Táríkh-i-Jadíd), occasionally attending the lectures of Hájí Siyyid Kázim of Resht"

  (E.G. Browne, Notes in the Traveller's Narrative)

"One day the circle of those who sat at the feet of Seyyid Kázim was augmented by a fresh arrival. The newcomer, who took his seat modestly by the door in the lowest place, was none other than Mírzá 'Alí Muhammad, who, impelled by a pious desire to visit the Holy Shrines, had left his business at Bushire to come to Kerbelá. During the next few months the face of the young Shírází became familiar to all the disciples of Siyyid Kázim, and the teacher himself did not fail to notice and appreciate the earnest but modest demeanour of the youthful stranger."

(Babism by E G Browne in Religious Systems of the World, pp. 335).

• Baháʼí sources state that the Báb went on pilgrimage to Iraq for 7 months, to the cities of Najaf and Karbila. But they deny that a close bond developed with Sayyid Kázim.

  "According to Mírzá Abu'l-Faḍl of Gulpaygan, He journeyed to the holy cities of 'Iraq in the spring of 1841, stayed in 'Iraq for nearly seven months and returned to His 'native province of Fars' in the autumn of that year.

  ...

  "While in Karbila the Bab visited Siyyid Kazim-i-Rashti and attended his discourses. But these occasional visits did not and could not make Him a pupil or disciple of Sayyid Kazim. His adversaries have alleged that He sat at the feet of Siyyid Kazim for months on end to learn from him."

  (H.M. Balyuzi, The Bab - The Herald of the Day of Days, p. 41)

• Amanat presents arguments for and against the Bab being a student of Siyyid Kazim (p140-1). On the one hand Mulla Sadiq Muqaddas states that "...Mir Ali Muhammad Shirazi [the Bab]...is a student of Sayyid Kazim..." and that he (Muqaddas) was introduced to Siyyid Kazim by the Bab. On the other hand, another contemporary, Qatil Karbala'i, who later became a Babi, states that the Bab attended Sayyid Kazim's lectures only two or three times. Amanat argues that the Bab was not in Karbala long enough to fully grasp Siyyid Kazim's teachings; in fact, Muqaddas himself states that once in Karbala, he was asked to teach the Bab, and that he was also determined to convert the Bab to Shaykhism. Amanat asserts that the Bab's reference to Siyyid Kazim as "the revered scholar and my intimate teacher" is a symbolic acknowledgement of their spiritual affinity and not a literal fact.
• ʻAbdu'l-Bahá's wife, Munirih Khanum quotes in her biography her uncle stating:

  "We had often heard in the course of his lectures Haji Siyyid Kazem stating the fact, that the day of the Manifestation was drawing nigh. He admonished us at all times that we must be searching, and be in a state of quest, because the Promised One was living amongst the people, was associating with them; but unfortunately the people were veiled and lived in a state of negligence.

  When we saw the Bab standing with such humility before the Shrine of Imam Hossein, we often wondered if perhaps, he was not the invisible Promised One, who had come to visit the Shrine of his ancestors.

  ...

  During his seclusion in Karbila, he attended now and then the classes of Haji Siyyid Kasem, with a shining and luminous countenance. Whenever he entered the class, Haji Siyyid Kasem would show him the greatest respect and honor."

  (Munirih Khanum quoting her uncle, found in Episodes in the Life of Moneereh Khanum, pp. 11–12)

• In one of the Báb's earliest writings, the Risala fi'l-Suluk, or "Treatise on Spiritual Wayfaring," he mentions the Shaykhi leader by name and refers to him as "my master, my support, my teacher, the pilgrim Siyyid Kazim al-Rashti."

Notes

1. Rafati, Vahid (1979). The development of Shaykhí thought in Shí'í Islam (PhD thesis). University of California, Los Angeles. p. 134. Retrieved 21 August 2021.
2. Lambden, Stephen. "Sayyid Kāzim al-Ḥusaynī al-Rashtī (d.1259/1843). Bibliography". Hurqalya Publications: Center for Shaykhī and Bābī-Bahā’ī Studies. Retrieved 21 August 2021.
3. Eschraghi, Armin. "KĀẒEM RAŠTI". ENCYCLOPÆDIA IRANICA. Retrieved 21 August 2021.
4. Lambden, Stephen. "Sayyid Kazim Rashtī - From the Sharh al-Qaṣīda al-Lāmiyya". Hurqalya Publications: Center for Shaykhī and Bābī-Bahā’ī Studies. Retrieved 21 August 2021.
5. Lawson, Todd (12 March 2012). Gnostic Apocalypse and Islam: Qur'an, Exegesis, Messianism, and the Literary Origins of the Babi Religion. p. 70. ISBN 9781136622885.
6. MacEoin, Denis (1979). FROM SHAYKHISM TO BABISM: A STUDY IN CHARISMATIC RENEWAL IN SHĪʿĪ ISLAM (PhD thesis). Cambridge University. p. 103. Retrieved 21 August 2021.
7. Effendi, Shoghi. God Passes By. US Bahá’í Publishing Trust. p. 97.
8. Lambden, Stephen. "Sayyid Kazim Rashtī - From the Sharh al-Qaṣīda al-Lāmiyya". Hurqalya Publications: Center for Shaykhī and Bābī-Bahā’ī Studies. Retrieved 21 August 2021.
9. "Bahá'í Reference Library - The Kitáb-i-Aqdas, Pages 244-245". reference.bahai.org. Retrieved 2020-10-16.
10. Smith, Peter (2000). "Kázim Rashti, Sayyid". A concise encyclopedia of the Baháʼí Faith. Oxford: Oneworld Publications. p. 217. ISBN 1-85168-184-1.

References

• Amanat, Abbas (1989). Resurrection and Renewal. Cornell University Press, New York. ISBN 0-8014-2098-9.
• Balyuzi, H.M. (1973). The Báb: The Herald of the Day of Days. Oxford, UK: George Ronald. ISBN 0-85398-048-9.
• Brown, Edward Granville (1889). Bábism.
• Khanum, Munirih (1987). Memoirs and Letters. Translated by Sammireh Anwar Smith. Los Angeles, USA: Kalimat Press. ISBN 0-933770-51-0.
• Nabíl-i-Zarandí (1932) [1890]. The Dawn-Breakers: Nabíl's Narrative. Translated by Shoghi Effendi (Hardcover ed.). Wilmette, Illinois, USA: Baháʼí Publishing Trust. ISBN 0-900125-22-5.