Shimane Prefecture

"Shimane" redirects here. For other uses, see Shimane (disambiguation).

Shimane Prefecture (島根県, Shimane-ken) is a prefecture of Japan located in the Chūgoku region of Honshu.^[2] Shimane Prefecture is the second-least populous prefecture of Japan at 665,205 (February 1, 2021) and has a geographic area of 6,708.26 km². Shimane Prefecture borders Yamaguchi Prefecture to the southwest, Hiroshima Prefecture to the south, and Tottori Prefecture to the east.

Shimane Prefecture 島根県
Prefecture
Japanese transcription(s)
• Japanese	島根県
• Rōmaji	Shimane-ken
Oki Island Geopark Matsue Castle Lake Shinji Izumo Taisha Izumo Soba noodle A ruin of Iwami Silvemine Iwami Traditional Folk Dance (Iwami Kagura) Kōjindani Ruin Nima Sand Museum Herritage street and town in Tsuwano
Flag Symbol
Anthem: Usu-murasaki no yamanami
Country	Japan
Region	Chūgoku (San'in)
Island	Honshu
Capital	Matsue
Subdivisions	Districts: 5, Municipalities: 19
Government
• Governor	Tatsuya Maruyama
Area
• Total	6,708.26 km2 (2,590.07 sq mi)
• Rank	19th
Population  (February 1, 2021)
• Total	665,205
• Rank	46th
• Density	99/km2 (260/sq mi)
GDP [1]
• Total	JP¥ 2,689 billion US$ 24.7 billion (2019)
ISO 3166 code	JP-32
Website	www1.pref.shimane.lg.jp/contents/kokusai/kokusai-e/index.html
Symbols of Japan
Bird	Whooper swan (Cygnus cygnus)
Fish	Flying Fish
Flower	Moutan peony (Paeonia suffruticosa)
Tree	Japanese black pine (Pinus thunbergii)

The coast of Gōtsu City, Shimane Prefecture seen from the Osakihana lighthouse

Matsue is the capital and largest city of Shimane Prefecture, with other major cities including Izumo, Hamada, and Masuda.^[3] Shimane Prefecture contains the majority of the Lake Shinji-Nakaumi metropolitan area centered on Matsue, and with a population of approximately 600,000 is Japan's third-largest metropolitan area on the Sea of Japan coast after Niigata and Greater Kanazawa. Shimane Prefecture is bounded by the Sea of Japan coastline on the north, where two-thirds of the population live, and the Chūgoku Mountains on the south. Shimane Prefecture governs the Oki Islands in the Sea of Japan which juridically includes the disputed Liancourt Rocks (竹島, Takeshima). Shimane Prefecture is home to Izumo-taisha, one of the oldest Shinto shrines in Japan, and the Tokugawa-era Matsue Castle.

History

Matsue Castle

Early history

See also: Historic Sites of Shimane Prefecture and Old provinces of Japan

The history of Shimane starts with Japanese mythology. The Shinto god Ōkuninushi was believed to live in Izumo, an old province in Shimane. Izumo Shrine, which is in the city of Izumo, honors the god.^[4] At that time, the current Shimane prefecture was divided into three parts: Iwami, Izumo, and Oki.^[5] That lasted until the abolition of the han system took place in 1871. During the Nara period, Kakinomoto no Hitomaro wrote a poem on Shimane's nature when he was sent as the Royal governor.^[6]

Later on in the Kamakura period (1185–1333), the Kamakura shogunate forced emperors Go-Toba and Godaigo into exile in Oki. Emperor Go-Daigo later escaped from Oki and began rallying supporters against the shogunate, which proved successful.^[7]

Middle ages

A view of Shimizudani silver mine refinery ruin, a part of UNESCO World Herritage area

During the Muromachi period (1336–1573), Izumo and Oki were controlled by the Kyōgoku clan. However, after the Ōnin War, the Amago clan expanded power based in Gassantoda Castle and the Masuda clan dominated Iwami Province. The Iwami Ginzan Silver Mine was located between Amago territory and Masuda territory, and there were many battles between the clans for the silver. In 1566 Mōri Motonari conquered Izumo, Iwami, and Oki.^[7] In 1600, after over 30 years of Mori control, Horio Yoshiharu entered Izumo and Oki as the result of Battle of Sekigahara, which Mori lost. Following the change, Horio Yoshiharu decided to move to build Matsue Castle instead of Gassan-Toda, and soon after Yoshiharu's death the castle was completed. In 1638, the grandson of Tokugawa Ieyasu Matsudaira Naomasa [ja] became the ruler because the Horio clan had no heir, and his family ruled until the abolition of the han system.

The Iwami area was split into three regions: the mining district, under the direct control of the Shogunate, the Hamada clan region, and the Tsuwano clan region. The Iwami Ginzan, now a UNESCO World Heritage Site, produced silver and was one of the nation's largest silver mines by the early 17th century. The Hamada clan was on the shogunate's side in the Meiji Restoration, and the castle was burned down. The Tsuwano clan, despite then being ruled by the Matsudaira, was on the emperor's side in the restoration.^[8]

Modern age

In 1871, the abolition of the han system placed the old Shimane and Hamada Provinces in the current area of Shimane Prefecture. Later that year, Oki became part of Tottori. In 1876, Hamada Prefecture was merged into Shimane Prefecture. Also, Tottori Prefecture was added in the same year. However, five years later, in 1881, the current portion of Tottori Prefecture was separated and the current border was formed.^[8]

Geography

Shimane Prefecture is situated on the Sea of Japan side of the Chūgoku region. Because of its mountainous landscape, rice farming is done mostly in the Izumo plain where the city of Izumo is located.^[9] Another major landform is the Shimane peninsula. The peninsula is located across the Sea of Japan from Izumo to Sakaiminato, which is located in Tottori prefecture. Also, the peninsula created two brackish lakes, Lake Shinji and Nakaumi. The island of Daikon is located in Nakaumi. Off the main island of Honshū, the island of Oki belongs to Shimane prefecture as well. The island itself is in the Daisen-Oki National Park.^[9] Shimane also claims the use of Liancourt Rocks, over which they are in dispute with South Korea.^[10]

As of 1 April 2012, 6% of the total land area of the prefecture was designated as Natural Parks, namely Daisen-Oki National Park; Hiba-Dōgo-Taishaku and Nishi-Chūgoku Sanchi Quasi-National Parks; and eleven Prefectural Natural Parks.^[11]

Most major cities are located either on the seaside, or along a river.^[9]

Cities

See also: List of cities in Shimane Prefecture by population

Map of Shimane Prefecture
     City      Town      Village

Cape Hinomisaki near Izumo

Matsue

Tsuwano

Saigo area of Oki Island

Eight cities are located in Shimane Prefecture, the largest in population being Matsue, the capital, and the smallest being Gōtsu. The cities Masuda, Unnan, Yasugi, and Gōtsu had a slight population increase due to the mergers in the early 2000s.^[12]

Name		Area (km2)	Population	Map
Rōmaji	Kanji
Gōtsu	江津市	268.51	24,009
Hamada	浜田市	689.6	57,142
Izumo	出雲市	624.36	172,039
Masuda	益田市	733.16	46,892
Matsue (capital)	松江市	572.99	202,008
Ōda	大田市	436.11	34,354
Unnan	雲南市	553.4	38,281
Yasugi	安来市	420.97	38,875

Towns and villages

These are the towns and villages of each district. The number of towns and villages greatly decreased during the mergers. However, they hold about one-third of the prefecture's population.^[12]

Name		Area (km2)	Population	District	Type	Map
Rōmaji	Kanji
Ama	海士町	33.5	2,293	Oki District	Town
Chibu	知夫村	13.7	657	Oki District	Village
Iinan	飯南町	242.84	4,908	Iishi District	Town
Kawamoto	川本町	106.39	3,331	Ōchi District	Town
Misato	美郷町	282.92	4,712	Ōchi District	Town
Nishinoshima	西ノ島町	55.98	2,923	Oki District	Town
Okinoshima	隠岐の島町	242.97	14,422	Oki District	Town
Okuizumo	奥出雲町	368.06	12,655	Nita District	Town
Ōnan	邑南町	419.29	10,922	Ōchi District	Town
Tsuwano	津和野町	307.09	7,478	Kanoashi District	Town
Yoshika	吉賀町	336.29	6,231	Kanoashi District	Town

Mergers

Main article: List of mergers in Shimane Prefecture

	April 1976		January 2011	January 2012
Izumo Region	Matsue City (Old System)		Matsue City (New System)	Matsue City (August 1, 2011 Merger with Higashiizumo Town)
	Yatsuka District	Kashima Town
		Shimane Town
		Mihonoseki Town
		Yakumo Village
		Tamayu Town
		Shinji Town
		Yatsuka Town
		Higashiizumo Town
	Yasugi City (Old System)		Yasugi City (New System)	Yasugi City
	Nogi District	Hirose Town
		Hakuta Town
	Nita District	Yokota Town	Okuizumo Town
		Nita Town
	Izumo City (Old System)		Izumo City (New System)	Izumo City (October 1, 2011 Merger with Hikawa Town)
	Hirata City
	Hikawa District	Taisha Town
		Koryo Town
		Taki Town
		Sada Town
		Hikawa Town
	Ōhara District	Daitō Town	Unnan City
		Kamo Town
		Kisuki Town
	Iishi District	Mitoya Town
		Kakeya Town
		Yoshida Village
		Tonbara Town	Iinan Town
		Akagi Town
Iwami Region	Ōda City (Old System)		Ōda City (New System)	Ōda City
	Nima District	Yunotsu Town
		Nima Town
	Gōtsu City (Old System)		Gōtsu City (New System)	Gōtsu City
	Ōchi District	Sakurae Town
		Ōchi Town	Misato Town
		Daiwa Village
		Iwami Town	Ōnan Town
		Mizuho Town
		Hasumi Village
		Kawamoto Town
	Hamada City (Old System)		Hamada City (New System)	Hamada City
	Naka District	Asahi Town
		Kanagi Town
		Misumi Town
		Yasaka Village
	Masuda City (Old System)		Masuda City (New System)	Masuda City
	Mino District	Mito Town
		Hikimi Town
	Kanoashi District	Tsuwano Town (Old System)	Tsuwano Town (New System)	Tsuwano Town
		Nichihara Town
		Muikaichi Town	Yoshika Town
		Kakinoki Village
Oki Region	Oki District	Saigō Town	Okinoshima Town
		Fuse Village
		Goka Village
		Tsuma Village
		Nishinoshima Town
		Ama Town
		Chibu Village

Climate

Shimane prefecture has a sub-tropical climate. Winter is cloudy with a little snow, and summer is humid. The average annual temperature is 14.6 °C (58.3 °F). It rains almost every day in the rainy season, from June to mid-July. The highest average monthly temperature occurs in August with 26.3 °C (79.3 °F). The average annual precipitation is 1,799 millimetres (70.8 in), higher than Tokyo's 1,467 mm (57.8 in) and Obihiro with 920 mm (36.2 in).^[12]

Shimane Prefecture Yearly Averages by Region (Statistics Period: 1971 - 2000, Source: Japanese Meteorological Agency: Statistical Climate Information)

Average Year (Month)		Oki			Izumo (Coastal)				Izumo (Inland)
		Okinoshima Saigo	Okinoshima Saigo Cape	Ama	Matsue Kashima	Matsue	Hikawa	Izumo	Okuizumo Yokota	Unnan Kakeya	Iinan Akana
Average Temperature (°C)	Warmest Month	25.6 (Aug)		25.8 (Aug)	25.6 (Aug)	26.3 (Aug)		25.8 (Aug)	24.0 (Aug)	24.5 (Aug)	23.4 (Aug)
	Coldest Month	3.9 (Feb)		4.5 (Feb)	4.4 (Feb)	4.2 (Jan)		4.5 (Feb)	0.7 (Feb)	2.3 (Feb)	0.4 (Jan, Feb)
Rainfall (mm)	Heaviest Month	211.6 (Sept)		227.0 (July)	218.0 (Sept)	240.5 (July)		236.2 (July)	234.2 (July)	257.1 (July)	282.2 (July)
	Driest Month	110.4 (Oct)		96.4 (Feb)	104.7 (April)	114.5 (April)		96.3 (Feb)	103.4 (April)	120.7 (April)	116.5 (Oct)
Average Year (Month)		Iwami (Coastal)				Iwami (Inland)
		Ōda	Hamada	Masuda	Masuda City Takatsu	Kawamoto	Ōnan	Hamada City Yasaka	Tsuwano	Yoshika	Yoshika Muikaichi
Average Temperature (°C)	Warmest Month	26.5 (Aug)	26.2 (Aug)	26.8 (Aug)		24.2 (Aug)	23.9 (Aug)	23.6 (Aug)	25.7 (Aug)		24.5 (Aug)
	Coldest Month	4.9 (Jan, Feb)	5.8 (Feb)	5.4 (Jan, Feb)		2.7 (Jan)	0.8 (Jan)	1.5 (Jan)	3.0 (Jan)		1.9 (Jan)
Rainfall (mm)	Heaviest Month	246.3 (July)	257.7 (July)	223.9 (June)		260.2 (July)	260.6 (July)	340.0 (July)	285.6 (July)		337.4 (June)
	Driest Month	98.3 (Feb)	90.9 (Feb)	87.9 (Feb)		112.5 (Feb)	109.2 (Nov)	130.4 (April)	99.7 (Dec)		76.8 (Dec)

Transportation

Airports

Three airports serve Shimane. The Izumo Airport located in Izumo is the largest airport in the prefecture in terms of passengers and has regular flights to Haneda Airport, Osaka Airport, Fukuoka Airport, and Oki Airport. The Iwami Airport has two flights each day to Haneda and Osaka and 2 arrivals. Oki Airport has scheduled flights to Osaka and Izumo Airports.^[13]

• Izumo Airport
• Iwami Airport
• Oki Airport

Rail

JR West and Ichibata Electric Railway serves the prefecture in terms of rail transportation. The Sanin Main Line goes through the prefecture on the Sea of Japan side into major cities such as Matsue and Izumo.^[14] Izumoshi and Matsue stations are the major stops in the prefecture. The Kisuki line, which forks from Shinji Station on the Sanin Line, connects with the Geibi Line in Hiroshima Prefecture, cutting into the Chūgoku Mountains.^[14] Ichibata Electric Railway serve the Shimane peninsula from Dentetsu-Izumoshi Station and Izumo Taisha-mae Station to Matsue Shinjiko-Onsen Station.^[15]

JR West has three Limited Express trains to Shimane, which are Super Matsukaze, Super Oki, and Yakumo.^[16] Additionally, the overnight limited express Sunrise Izumo operates daily between Tokyo and Izumoshi.

• West Japan Railway Company
  • Kisuki Line
  • Sanin Main Line
  • Sankō Line
  • Yamaguchi Line
• Ichibata Electric Railway
  • Kita-Matsue Line
  • Taisha Line

Roads

General roads

• Japan National Route 9
  • Izumo Bypass
  • Gōtsu Road
• Japan National Route 54
• Japan National Route 180
• Japan National Route 184
• Japan National Route 186
• Japan National Route 187
• Japan National Route 191
• Japan National Route 261
• Japan National Route 314
• Japan National Route 375
• Japan National Route 431
• Japan National Route 432
• Japan National Route 485
• Japan National Route 488

Highways

The four expressways in the prefecture connect major cities with other prefectures. The Matsue expressway connects Matsue with Unnan and Yonago in Tottori prefecture. Hamada Expressway forks from the Chūgoku Expressway at Kita-Hiroshima and stretches to Hamada.^[9]

• Sanin Expressway
• Matsue Expressway
• Hamada Expressway
• Chūgoku Expressway

Ferries

• Oki Kisen

Gallery

• 
  JR Izumo Station
• 
  Super Oki Express in Sanin Line
• 
  Ichibata Electric Railway
• 
  Izumo Enmusubi (Marriage) Airport
• 
  Oki Saigo Port

Economy

In Shimane, the largest employer is the retail industry, employing over 60,000 workers. The supermarket, Mishimaya, and the hardware store, Juntendo, are examples of companies based in Shimane. The manufacturing industry has the second highest number of employees with 49,000 workers. ^{[citation needed]}

Companies based in Shimane

Manufacturing

• Izumo Murata Manufacturing
• Mitsubishi Agricultural Machinery
• Shimane Fujitsu

Financial

• The San-in Godo Bank
• The Shimane Bank

Others

• Ichibata Electric Railway
• Juntendo
• Mishimaya
• Network Applied Communication Laboratory

Major factories

• Hitachi Metals

Demographics

Shimane prefecture population pyramid in 2020

One-third of the prefecture's population is concentrated in the Izumo-Matsue area. Otherwise, over two-thirds of the population is on the coastline. A reason for the population distribution is that the Chūgoku Mountains make the land inland harder to inhabit. The capital, Matsue, has the smallest population of all 47 prefectural capitals. Shimane has also the largest percentage of elderly people.^[12] The province had an estimated 743 centenarians per million inhabitants in September 2010, the highest ratio in Japan, overtaking Okinawa Prefecture (667 centenarians per million).^[17]

Population by age

Age	Population
0 - 4	30
5 - 9	33
10 - 14	35
15 - 19	37
20 - 24	32
25 - 29	38
30 - 34	44
35 - 39	41
40 - 44	38
45 - 49	44
50 - 54	51
55 - 59	66
60 - 64	44
65 - 69	45
70 - 74	50
75 - 79	45
80 and over	64

Total Population in age groups
2007 Estimated Population
Unit: Thousands

Male	Age	Female
15	0 - 4	15
17	5 - 9	16
18	10 - 14	17
19	15 - 19	18
16	20 - 24	16
19	25 - 29	19
22	30 - 34	22
20	35 - 39	20
19	40 - 44	19
22	45 - 49	22
26	50 - 54	25
34	55 - 59	32
22	60 - 64	23
20	65 - 69	24
22	70 - 74	28
19	75 - 79	26
20	80 and over	44

Population in age groups by gender
2007 Estimated population
Unit: Thousands

• Source: Graph 10/Prefectures Age（In Age groups）, Gender divided population－Total Population
  (Ministry of Internal Affairs Statistics Bureau)

Comparison of Population Distribution between Shimane and Japanese National Average	Population Distribution by Age and Sex in Shimane
■Shimane ■Japan (average)	■Male ■Female
1970 773,575 1975 768,886 1980 784,795 1985 794,629 1990 781,021 1995 771,441 2000 761,503 2005 742,223 2010 716,354
2015 Census, Ministry of Internal Affairs and Communications - Statistics Department

Historical population

Year	Pop.	±%
1920	715,000	—
1930	740,000	+3.5%
1940	741,000	+0.1%
1950	913,000	+23.2%
1960	889,000	−2.6%
1970	773,575	−13.0%
1980	784,795	+1.5%
1990	781,021	−0.5%
2000	761,503	−2.5%
2010	717,397	−5.8%
2020	679,626	−5.3%
[18][19]

Culture

Cultural assets

Nima Sand Museum in Oda

World Cultural Heritage

• The Historic Remains of Iwami Ginzan Silver Mine and its Cultural Background (Ōda City)

National Treasures

• Armour Laced with white thread (Hinomisaki Shrine)
• Bronze bells from the Kamo-Iwakura site Unearthed bronze bell-shaped vessel (Unnan City)
• Izumo-taisha Main Shrine (Izumo City)
• Kamosu Shrine Main Shrine (Matsue City)
• Kojindani Ruins Unearthed ruins (Izumo City)
• Toiletry case with autumn field and deer design (Izumo-taisha)

Important Traditional Building Preservation Area

• Ōmori (Ōda City)
• Yunotsu (Ōda City)

Dialects

• Iwami dialect
• Unpaku dialect (Izumo dialect, Oki dialect, etc.)

Universities in Shimane Prefecture

• Shimane University, Matsue and Izumo (National university)^[20]
• The University of Shimane, Hamada (Prefectural university)^[21]

Tourism

• Adachi Museum of Art
• Aquas Aquarium
• Iwami Art Museum
• Iwami Ginzan Silver Mine
• Izumo-taisha
• Izumo Province
• Matsue Castle
• Mt. Sanbe
• Shimane Art Museum
• Shimane Vogel Park
• Shimane Winery
• Tamatsukuri Onsen

Garden of the Adachi Museum of Art in Yasugi

Prefectural symbols

The prefectural flower is the mountain peony. On the island of Daikonjima, they have been grown from at least the 18th century.^[22]

See also

• Lafcadio Hearn

Notes

1. "2020年度国民経済計算（2015年基準・2008SNA） : 経済社会総合研究所 - 内閣府". 内閣府ホームページ (in Japanese). Retrieved May 18, 2023.
2. Nussbaum, Louis-Frédéric. (2005). "Shimane Province" in Japan Encyclopedia, p. 859, p. 859, at Google Books; "Chūgoku" at p. 127, p. 127, at Google Books
3. Nussbaum, "Matsue" at p. 617, p. 617, at Google Books
4. "Izumo Shrine website". Archived from the original on August 23, 2007. Retrieved August 22, 2007.
5. Nussbaum, "Provinces and prefectures" at p. 780, p. 780, at Google Books
6. Shimane Prefecture introduction Archived March 3, 1997, at the Wayback Machine
7. 古川清行 Furukawa Kiyoyuki (2003). スーパー日本史 Super Nihon-shi. 講談社 Kōdansha. ISBN 4-06-204594-X.
8. History of Shimane Prefecture Archived November 18, 2007, at the Wayback Machine
9. 新編 中学校社会科地図 Updated Social studies map for Junior High school. 帝国書院 Teikoku Shoin. 2007. ISBN 978-4-8071-4091-6.
10. Liancourt Rocks
11. "General overview of area figures for Natural Parks by prefecture" (PDF). Ministry of the Environment. April 1, 2012. Retrieved August 10, 2014.
12. 考える社会科地図 Kangaeru Shakaika Chizu. 四谷大塚出版 Yotsuya-Ōtsuka Shuppan. 2005. p. 113.
13. Flight schedule of Oki Airport Archived August 30, 2007, at the Wayback Machine
14. Route map for JR West
15. Route map of Ichibata Electric Railway
16. JR West website on limited express trains
17. Japan Times “Centenarians to Hit Record 44,000”. The Japan Times, Sept. 15, 2010. Okinawa Prefecture also had the largest loss of young and middle-aged population during the Pacific War.
18. Shimane 1995-2020 population statistics
19. Shimane 1920-2000 population statistics
20. Shimane University
21. University of Shimane
22. Symbols of Shimane Prefecture: From Shimane Prefecture website Archived September 28, 2007, at the Wayback Machine

References

• Nussbaum, Louis-Frédéric and Käthe Roth. (2005). Japan encyclopedia. Cambridge: Harvard University Press. ISBN 978-0-674-01753-5; OCLC 58053128

External links

• Official homepage of Shimane Prefecture
• National Archives of Japan ... Shimane map (1891)^{[permanent dead link]}
• Sightseeing In Shimane

35°13′N 132°40′E