Shibam
Town in Hadhramaut, Yemen From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Shibam (Arabic: شِبَام حَضْرَمَوْت, romanized: Shibām Ḥaḍramawt)[1][2] is a town in Yemen. With about 7,000 inhabitants, it is the seat of the District of Shibam[4] in the Governorate of Hadhramaut. Known for its mudbrick-made high-rise buildings, it is referred to as the "Manhattan of the Desert" (مَانْهَاتَن ٱلصَّحْرَاء) or "Chicago of the Desert" (شِيْكَاغو ٱلصَّحْرَاء).[5][1][3]
Shibam
| |
|---|---|
Town | |
| Old Walled City of Shibam | |
 The city with the Hadhramaut Mountains in the background | |
| Nickname(s): | |
  Shibam Location in Yemen  Shibam Shibam (Middle East) | |
| Coordinates: 15°55′37″N 48°37′36″E | |
| Country |  Yemen |
| Governorate | Hadhramaut |
| District | Shibam[4] |
| Population | |
| • Total | 7,000 |
| Time zone | GMT+3 |
| Official name | Old Walled City of Shibam |
| Type | Cultural |
| Criteria | iii, iv, vi |
| Designated | 1982; endangered as of 2015[update] |
| Reference no. | 192 |
| Region | Arab States |
Ancient history
The first known inscription about the city dates from the 3rd century CE.[6]
The origins of the city of Shibam date back to the pre-Islamic period, when the city rose to prominence until it became the capital of the Kingdom of Hadhramaut in 300 AD, after the destruction of its previous capital, Shabwa, located in the far west of the Hadhramaut Valley.[7]
Modern history
In the 20th century, it was one of the three major cities of the Qu'aiti Sultanate, the others being Al-Mukalla and Ash-Shihr.[8]
The city was added to the UNESCO World Heritage List in 1982.[9][10]
The 2008 Yemen cyclone flooded Shibam causing some of the buildings to collapse.[11]
During the Yemen Civil War, the city suffered some damage[12] after insurgents detonated a car bomb.[13] There was also coalition bombing in the area. In 2015, UNESCO listed the city, along with Old Sana'a, as "cultural heritage at risk".[9]
Overview
| External videos | |
|---|---|
 Old Walled City of Shibam (UNESCO/NHK) (via UNESCO) |
Shibam, which is now a UNESCO World Heritage Site, is known for its distinct architecture. The houses of Shibam are all made out of mudbrick, and about 500 of them are tower blocks, which rise 5 to 11 stories high,[14] with each floor having one or two rooms.[15] This architectural style was used in order to protect residents from Bedouin attacks.[16] While Shibam has been in existence for an estimated 1,700 years, the present town dates to 1533.[17] Many houses, though, have been rebuilt numerous times in the last few centuries.
Shibam is often called "the oldest skyscraper city in the world".[6] It is one of the oldest and best examples of urban planning based on the principle of vertical construction.[18] The city has some of the tallest mud buildings in the world, with some of them over 30 m (98 feet) high,[19] thus being early high-rise apartment buildings. In order to protect the buildings from rain and erosion, the walls must be routinely maintained by applying fresh layers of mud. The city is surrounded by a fortified wall,[18] giving it the name "the walled city of Shibam".
Threats
The mudbrick buildings are frequently threatened by wind, rain, and heat erosion, and require constant upkeep in order to maintain their structures. The city was heavily affected by flooding from a tropical storm in 2008.[20] The foundations of many of the buildings in the city were compromised by the flood waters, eventually leading to their collapse.[21] It was also the target of an Al Qaeda attack in 2009.[22][23]
In 2015, Shibam was added to the list of World Heritage Sites in danger when violent civil war erupted in Yemen. Historic buildings were significantly damaged during heavy bombing in Sana'a, and remain at risk from armed conflict.[24][25]
![[icon]](#/media/File:Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg){kind=small} | This section is empty. You can help by adding to it. (October 2024) |
The town is located in the central-western area of Hadhramaut Governorate, in the desert of Ramlat al-Sab'atayn. Its main road links Sana'a and other cities of western Yemen to the far eastern territories. The nearest towns are Seiyun, seat of an airport, and Tarim, both in the east. Another road, departing from the village of Alajlanya, in the west, links Shibam to Mukalla, the governorate's capital on the Indian Ocean.[citation needed]
Climate
Shibam has a hot desert climate (Köppen: BWh). At an average temperature of 28.0 degrees Celsius (82.4 degrees Fahrenheit), June is the hottest month of the year. January is the coldest month, with temperatures averaging 18.6 °C (65.5 °F).
| Climate data for Shibam | |||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
| Mean daily maximum °C (°F) | 24.0 (75.2) |
25.3 (77.5) |
27.4 (81.3) |
29.5 (85.1) |
31.8 (89.2) |
33.4 (92.1) |
32.5 (90.5) |
31.8 (89.2) |
30.8 (87.4) |
29.0 (84.2) |
26.7 (80.1) |
25.3 (77.5) |
29.0 (84.1) |
| Daily mean °C (°F) | 18.6 (65.5) |
19.9 (67.8) |
22.1 (71.8) |
24.3 (75.7) |
26.7 (80.1) |
28.0 (82.4) |
27.5 (81.5) |
26.9 (80.4) |
26.0 (78.8) |
23.3 (73.9) |
20.8 (69.4) |
19.8 (67.6) |
23.7 (74.6) |
| Mean daily minimum °C (°F) | 13.3 (55.9) |
14.6 (58.3) |
16.9 (62.4) |
19.2 (66.6) |
21.7 (71.1) |
22.7 (72.9) |
22.6 (72.7) |
22.1 (71.8) |
21.3 (70.3) |
17.6 (63.7) |
14.9 (58.8) |
14.3 (57.7) |
18.4 (65.2) |
| Average precipitation mm (inches) | 8 (0.3) |
5 (0.2) |
17 (0.7) |
10 (0.4) |
3 (0.1) |
0 (0) |
3 (0.1) |
4 (0.2) |
1 (0.0) |
0 (0) |
5 (0.2) |
8 (0.3) |
64 (2.5) |
| Source: Climate-Data.org[26] | |||||||||||||
View of Shibam
City gate
View of some "skyscrapers"
Two buildings on a street inside the town
Street view
Architecture pattern
Shibam buildings with balconies
View of Old Walled City of Shibam
View of Shibam
.jpg)
.jpg)
The Dubai Global Village, an open-air shopping and entertainment complex in the United Arab Emirates, includes a Yemeni pavilion with mud-brick structures intended to evoke the architecture of Shibam.[27]
Wikiwand in your browser!
Seamless Wikipedia browsing. On steroids.
Every time you click a link to Wikipedia, Wiktionary or Wikiquote in your browser's search results, it will show the modern Wikiwand interface.
Wikiwand extension is a five stars, simple, with minimum permission required to keep your browsing private, safe and transparent.
