Names of large numbers

Two naming scales for large numbers have been used in English and other European languages since the early modern era: the long and short scales. Most English variants use the short scale today, but the long scale remains dominant in many non-English-speaking areas, including continental Europe and Spanish-speaking countries in Latin America. These naming procedures are based on taking the number n occurring in 10³ⁿ⁺³ (short scale) or 10⁶ⁿ (long scale) and concatenating Latin roots for its units, tens, and hundreds place, together with the suffix -illion.

Names of numbers above a trillion are rarely used in practice; such large numbers have practical usage primarily in the scientific domain, where powers of ten are expressed as 10 with a numeric superscript. However, these somewhat rare names are considered acceptable for approximate statements. For example, the statement "There are approximately 7.1 octillion atoms in an adult human body" is understood to be in short scale of the table below (and is only accurate if referring to short scale rather than long scale).

Indian English do not use millions, but have their own system of large numbers including lakhs (Anglicised as lacs) and crores.^[1] English also has many words, such as "zillion", used informally to mean large but unspecified amounts; see indefinite and fictitious numbers.

Standard dictionary numbers

x	Name (SS/LS, LS)	SS (103x+3)	LS (106x, 106x+3)	Authorities
				AHD4[2]	CED[3]	COD[4]	OED2[5]	OEDweb[6]	RHD2[7]	SOED3[8]	W3[9]	HM[10]
1	Million	106	106	✓	✓	✓	✓	✓	✓	✓	✓	✓
	Milliard		109	✓	✓	✓	✓	✓	✓			✓
2	Billion	109	1012	✓	✓	✓	✓	✓	✓	✓	✓	✓
3	Trillion	1012	1018	✓	✓	✓	✓	✓	✓	✓	✓	✓
4	Quadrillion	1015	1024	✓	✓	✓	✓	✓	✓	✓	✓	✓
5	Quintillion	1018	1030	✓	✓	✓	✓	✓	✓	✓	✓	✓
6	Sextillion	1021	1036	✓	✓		✓	✓	✓	✓	✓	✓
7	Septillion	1024	1042	✓	✓		✓	✓	✓	✓	✓	✓
8	Octillion	1027	1048	✓	✓		✓	✓	✓	✓	✓	✓
9	Nonillion	1030	1054	✓	✓		✓	✓	✓	✓	✓	✓
10	Decillion	1033	1060	✓	✓		✓	✓	✓	✓	✓	✓
11	Undecillion	1036	1066	✓	✓				✓		✓	✓
12	Duodecillion	1039	1072	✓	✓	✓			✓		✓	✓
13	Tredecillion	1042	1078	✓	✓				✓		✓	✓
14	Quattuordecillion	1045	1084	✓	✓				✓		✓	✓
15	Quindecillion	1048	1090	✓	✓				✓		✓	✓
16	Sexdecillion	1051	1096	✓	✓				✓		✓	✓
17	Septendecillion	1054	10102	✓	✓				✓		✓	✓
18	Octodecillion	1057	10108	✓	✓				✓		✓	✓
19	Novemdecillion	1060	10114	✓	✓				✓		✓	✓
20	Vigintillion	1063	10120	✓	✓		✓	✓	✓	✓	✓	✓
100	Centillion	10303	10600	✓	✓		✓	✓	✓			✓

Usage:

• Short scale: US, English Canada, modern British, Australia, and Eastern Europe
• Long scale: French Canada, older British, Western & Central Europe

Apart from million, the words in this list ending with -illion are all derived by adding prefixes (bi-, tri-, etc., derived from Latin) to the stem -illion.^[11] Centillion^[12] appears to be the highest name ending in -"illion" that is included in these dictionaries. Trigintillion, often cited as a word in discussions of names of large numbers, is not included in any of them, nor are any of the names that can easily be created by extending the naming pattern (unvigintillion, duovigintillion, duo­quinqua­gint­illion, etc.).

Name	Value	Authorities
		AHD4[2]	CED[3]	COD[4]	OED2[5]	OEDweb[6]	RHD2[7]	SOED3[8]	W3[9]	HM[10]
Googol	10100	✓	✓	✓	✓	✓	✓	✓	✓	✓
Googolplex	10googol (1010100)	✓	✓	✓	✓	✓	✓	✓	✓	✓

All of the dictionaries included googol and googolplex, generally crediting it to the Kasner and Newman book and to Kasner's nephew (see below). None include any higher names in the googol family (googolduplex, etc.). The Oxford English Dictionary comments that googol and googolplex are "not in formal mathematical use".

Usage of names of large numbers

Some names of large numbers, such as million, billion, and trillion, have real referents in human experience, and are encountered in many contexts. At times, the names of large numbers have been forced into common usage as a result of hyperinflation. The highest numerical value banknote ever printed was a note for 1 sextillion pengő (10²¹ or 1 milliard bilpengő as printed) printed in Hungary in 1946. In 2009, Zimbabwe printed a 100 trillion (10¹⁴) Zimbabwean dollar note, which at the time of printing was worth about US$30.^[13]

Names of larger numbers, however, have a tenuous, artificial existence, rarely found outside definitions, lists, and discussions of how large numbers are named. Even well-established names like sextillion are rarely used, since in the context of science, including astronomy, where such large numbers often occur, they are nearly always written using scientific notation. In this notation, powers of ten are expressed as 10 with a numeric superscript, e.g. "The X-ray emission of the radio galaxy is 1.3×10⁴⁵ joules." When a number such as 10⁴⁵ needs to be referred to in words, it is simply read out as "ten to the forty-fifth" or "ten to the forty-five". This is easier to say and less ambiguous than "quattuordecillion", which means something different in the long scale and the short scale.

When a number represents a quantity rather than a count, SI prefixes can be used—thus "femtosecond", not "one quadrillionth of a second"—although often powers of ten are used instead of some of the very high and very low prefixes. In some cases, specialized units are used, such as the astronomer's parsec and light year or the particle physicist's barn.

Nevertheless, large numbers have an intellectual fascination and are of mathematical interest, and giving them names is one way people try to conceptualize and understand them.

One of the earliest examples of this is The Sand Reckoner, in which Archimedes gave a system for naming large numbers. To do this, he called the numbers up to a myriad myriad (10⁸) "first numbers" and called 10⁸ itself the "unit of the second numbers". Multiples of this unit then became the second numbers, up to this unit taken a myriad myriad times, 10⁸·10⁸=10¹⁶. This became the "unit of the third numbers", whose multiples were the third numbers, and so on. Archimedes continued naming numbers in this way up to a myriad myriad times the unit of the 10⁸-th numbers, i.e. ${\displaystyle (10^{8})^{(10^{8})}=10^{8\cdot 10^{8}},}$ and embedded this construction within another copy of itself to produce names for numbers up to ${\displaystyle ((10^{8})^{(10^{8})})^{(10^{8})}=10^{8\cdot 10^{16}}.}$ Archimedes then estimated the number of grains of sand that would be required to fill the known universe, and found that it was no more than "one thousand myriad of the eighth numbers" (10⁶³).

Since then, many others have engaged in the pursuit of conceptualizing and naming numbers that have no existence outside the imagination. One motivation for such a pursuit is that attributed to the inventor of the word googol, who was certain that any finite number "had to have a name". Another possible motivation is competition between students in computer programming courses, where a common exercise is that of writing a program to output numbers in the form of English words.^{[citation needed]}

Most names proposed for large numbers belong to systematic schemes which are extensible. Thus, many names for large numbers are simply the result of following a naming system to its logical conclusion—or extending it further.^{[citation needed]}

Origins of the "standard dictionary numbers"

The words bymillion and trimillion were first recorded in 1475 in a manuscript of Jehan Adam. Subsequently, Nicolas Chuquet wrote a book Triparty en la science des nombres which was not published during Chuquet's lifetime. However, most of it was copied by Estienne de La Roche for a portion of his 1520 book, L'arismetique. Chuquet's book contains a passage in which he shows a large number marked off into groups of six digits, with the comment:

Ou qui veult le premier point peult signiffier million Le second point byllion Le tiers point tryllion Le quart quadrillion Le cinq^e quyllion Le six^e sixlion Le sept.^e septyllion Le huyt^e ottyllion Le neuf^e nonyllion et ainsi des ault'^s se plus oultre on vouloit preceder

(Or if you prefer the first mark can signify million, the second mark byllion, the third mark tryllion, the fourth quadrillion, the fifth quyillion, the sixth sixlion, the seventh septyllion, the eighth ottyllion, the ninth nonyllion and so on with others as far as you wish to go).

Adam and Chuquet used the long scale of powers of a million; that is, Adam's bymillion (Chuquet's byllion) denoted 10¹², and Adam's trimillion (Chuquet's tryllion) denoted 10¹⁸.

The googol family

The names googol and googolplex were invented by Edward Kasner's nephew Milton Sirotta and introduced in Kasner and Newman's 1940 book Mathematics and the Imagination^[14] in the following passage:

The name "googol" was invented by a child (Dr. Kasner's nine-year-old nephew) who was asked to think up a name for a very big number, namely 1 with one hundred zeroes after it. He was very certain that this number was not infinite, and therefore equally certain that it had to have a name. At the same time that he suggested "googol" he gave a name for a still larger number: "googolplex." A googolplex is much larger than a googol, but is still finite, as the inventor of the name was quick to point out. It was first suggested that a googolplex should be 1, followed by writing zeros until you got tired. This is a description of what would happen if one tried to write a googolplex, but different people get tired at different times and it would never do to have Carnera a better mathematician than Dr. Einstein, simply because he had more endurance. The googolplex is, then, a specific finite number, equal to 1 with a googol zeros after it.

Value	Name	Authority
10100	Googol	Kasner and Newman, dictionaries (see above)
10googol = 1010100	Googolplex	Kasner and Newman, dictionaries (see above)

John Horton Conway and Richard K. Guy^[15] have suggested that N-plex be used as a name for 10^N. This gives rise to the name googolplexplex for 10^googolplex = 10^1010100. Conway and Guy^[15] have proposed that N-minex be used as a name for 10^−N, giving rise to the name googolminex for the reciprocal of a googolplex, which is written as 10^-(10100). None of these names are in wide use.

The names googol and googolplex inspired the name of the Internet company Google and its corporate headquarters, the Googleplex, respectively.^{[citation needed]}

Extensions of the standard dictionary numbers

Further information: billion and long and short scales

This section illustrates several systems for naming large numbers, and shows how they can be extended past vigintillion.

Traditional British usage assigned new names for each power of one million (the long scale): 1,000,000 = 1 million; 1,000,000² = 1 billion; 1,000,000³ = 1 trillion; and so on. It was adapted from French usage, and is similar to the system that was documented or invented by Chuquet.

Traditional American usage (which was also adapted from French usage but at a later date), Canadian, and modern British usage assign new names for each power of one thousand (the short scale). Thus, a billion is 1000 × 1000² = 10⁹; a trillion is 1000 × 1000³ = 10¹²; and so forth. Due to its dominance in the financial world (and by the US dollar), this was adopted for official United Nations documents.

Traditional French usage has varied; in 1948, France, which had originally popularized the short scale worldwide, reverted to the long scale.

The term milliard is unambiguous and always means 10⁹. It is seldom seen in American usage and rarely in British usage, but frequently in continental European usage. The term is sometimes attributed to French mathematician Jacques Peletier du Mans c. 1550 (for this reason, the long scale is also known as the Chuquet-Peletier system), but the Oxford English Dictionary states that the term derives from post-Classical Latin term milliartum, which became milliare and then milliart and finally our modern term.

Concerning names ending in -illiard for numbers 10⁶ⁿ⁺³, milliard is certainly in widespread use in languages other than English, but the degree of actual use of the larger terms is questionable. The terms "milliardo" in Italian, "Milliarde" in German, "miljard" in Dutch, "milyar" in Turkish, and "миллиард," milliard (transliterated) in Russian, are standard usage when discussing financial topics.

The naming procedure for large numbers is based on taking the number n occurring in 10³ⁿ⁺³ (short scale) or 10⁶ⁿ (long scale) and concatenating Latin roots for its units, tens, and hundreds place, together with the suffix -illion. In this way, numbers up to 10^3·999+3 = 10³⁰⁰⁰ (short scale) or 10^6·999 = 10⁵⁹⁹⁴ (long scale) may be named. The choice of roots and the concatenation procedure is that of the standard dictionary numbers if n is 9 or smaller. For larger n (between 10 and 999), prefixes can be constructed based on a system described by Conway and Guy.^[15] Today, sexdecillion and novemdecillion are standard dictionary numbers and, using the same reasoning as Conway and Guy did for the numbers up to nonillion, could probably be used to form acceptable prefixes. The Conway–Guy system for forming prefixes:

	Units	Tens	Hundreds
1	Un	N Deci	NX Centi
2	Duo	MS Viginti	N Ducenti
3	Tre (*)	NS Triginta	NS Trecenti
4	Quattuor	NS Quadraginta	NS Quadringenti
5	Quin	NS Quinquaginta	NS Quingenti
6	Se (*)	N Sexaginta	N Sescenti
7	Septe (*)	N Septuaginta	N Septingenti
8	Octo	MX Octoginta	MX Octingenti
9	Nove (*)	Nonaginta	Nongenti

^(*) ^ When preceding a component marked ^S or ^X, "tre" changes to "tres" and "se" to "ses" or "sex"; similarly, when preceding a component marked ^M or ^N, "septe" and "nove" change to "septem" and "novem" or "septen" and "noven".

Since the system of using Latin prefixes will become ambiguous for numbers with exponents of a size which the Romans rarely counted to, like 10^6,000,258, Conway and Guy co-devised with Allan Wechsler the following set of consistent conventions that permit, in principle, the extension of this system indefinitely to provide English short-scale names for any integer whatsoever.^[15] The name of a number 10³ⁿ⁺³, where n is greater than or equal to 1000, is formed by concatenating the names of the numbers of the form 10^3m+3, where m represents each group of comma-separated digits of n, with each but the last "-illion" trimmed to "-illi-", or, in the case of m = 0, either "-nilli-" or "-nillion".^[15] For example, 10^3,000,012, the 1,000,003rd "-illion" number, equals one "millinillitrillion"; 10^{33,002,010,111}, the 11,000,670,036th "-illion" number, equals one "undecillinilli­septua­ginta­ses­centilli­sestrigint­illion"; and 10^{29,629,629,633}, the 9,876,543,210th "-illion" number, equals one "nonillise­septua­ginta­octingentillitres­quadra­ginta­quingentillideciducent­illion".^[15]

The following table shows number names generated by the system described by Conway and Guy for the short and long scales.^[16]

Base -illion (short scale)	Base -illion (long scale)	Value	US, Canada and modern British (short scale)	Traditional British (long scale)	Traditional European (Peletier long scale)	SI Symbol	SI Prefix
1	1	106	Million	Million	Million	M	Mega-
2	1	109	Billion	Thousand million	Milliard	G	Giga-
3	2	1012	Trillion	Billion	Billion	T	Tera-
4	2	1015	Quadrillion	Thousand billion	Billiard	P	Peta-
5	3	1018	Quintillion	Trillion	Trillion	E	Exa-
6	3	1021	Sextillion	Thousand trillion	Trilliard	Z	Zetta-
7	4	1024	Septillion	Quadrillion	Quadrillion	Y	Yotta-
8	4	1027	Octillion	Thousand quadrillion	Quadrilliard	R	Ronna-
9	5	1030	Nonillion	Quintillion	Quintillion	Q	Quetta-
10	5	1033	Decillion	Thousand quintillion	Quintilliard
11	6	1036	Undecillion	Sextillion	Sextillion
12	6	1039	Duodecillion	Thousand sextillion	Sextilliard
13	7	1042	Tredecillion	Septillion	Septillion
14	7	1045	Quattuordecillion	Thousand septillion	Septilliard
15	8	1048	Quindecillion	Octillion	Octillion
16	8	1051	Sedecillion	Thousand octillion	Octilliard
17	9	1054	Septendecillion	Nonillion	Nonillion
18	9	1057	Octodecillion	Thousand nonillion	Nonilliard
19	10	1060	Novendecillion	Decillion	Decillion
20	10	1063	Vigintillion	Thousand decillion	Decilliard
21	11	1066	Unvigintillion	Undecillion	Undecillion
22	11	1069	Duovigintillion	Thousand undecillion	Undecilliard
23	12	1072	Tresvigintillion	Duodecillion	Duodecillion
24	12	1075	Quattuor­vigint­illion	Thousand duodecillion	Duodecilliard
25	13	1078	Quinvigintillion	Tredecillion	Tredecillion
26	13	1081	Sesvigintillion	Thousand tredecillion	Tredecilliard
27	14	1084	Septemvigintillion	Quattuordecillion	Quattuordecillion
28	14	1087	Octovigintillion	Thousand quattuordecillion	Quattuordecilliard
29	15	1090	Novemvigintillion	Quindecillion	Quindecillion
30	15	1093	Trigintillion	Thousand quindecillion	Quindecilliard
31	16	1096	Untrigintillion	Sedecillion	Sedecillion
32	16	1099	Duotrigintillion	Thousand sedecillion	Sedecilliard
33	17	10102	Trestrigintillion	Septendecillion	Septendecillion
34	17	10105	Quattuor­trigint­illion	Thousand septendecillion	Septendecilliard
35	18	10108	Quintrigintillion	Octodecillion	Octodecillion
36	18	10111	Sestrigintillion	Thousand octodecillion	Octodecilliard
37	19	10114	Septentrigintillion	Novendecillion	Novendecillion
38	19	10117	Octotrigintillion	Thousand novendecillion	Novendecilliard
39	20	10120	Noventrigintillion	Vigintillion	Vigintillion
40	20	10123	Quadragintillion	Thousand vigintillion	Vigintilliard
50	25	10153	Quinquagintillion	Thousand quinvigintillion	Quinvigintilliard
60	30	10183	Sexagintillion	Thousand trigintillion	Trigintilliard
70	35	10213	Septuagintillion	Thousand quintrigintillion	Quintrigintilliard
80	40	10243	Octogintillion	Thousand quadragintillion	Quadragintilliard
90	45	10273	Nonagintillion	Thousand quin­quadra­gint­illion	Quin­quadra­gint­illiard
100	50	10303	Centillion	Thousand quinquagintillion	Quinquagintilliard
101	51	10306	Uncentillion	Unquinquagintillion	Unquinquagintillion
110	55	10333	Decicentillion	Thousand quin­quinqua­gint­illion	Quin­quinqua­gint­illiard
111	56	10336	Undecicentillion	Ses­quinqua­gint­illion	Ses­quinqua­gint­illion
120	60	10363	Viginticentillion	Thousand sexagintillion	Sexagintilliard
121	61	10366	Unviginticentillion	Unsexagintillion	Unsexagintillion
130	65	10393	Trigintacentillion	Thousand quinsexagintillion	Quinsexagintilliard
140	70	10423	Quadra­gintacent­illion	Thousand septuagintillion	Septuagintilliard
150	75	10453	Quinqua­gintacent­illion	Thousand quin­septua­gint­illion	Quin­septua­gint­illiard
160	80	10483	Sexagintacentillion	Thousand octogintillion	Octogintilliard
170	85	10513	Septuagintacentillion	Thousand quinoctogintillion	Quinoctogintilliard
180	90	10543	Octogintacentillion	Thousand nonagintillion	Nonagintilliard
190	95	10573	Nonagintacentillion	Thousand quinnonagintillion	Quinnonagintilliard
200	100	10603	Ducentillion	Thousand centillion	Centilliard
300	150	10903	Trecentillion	Thousand quinqua­gintacent­illion	Quinqua­gintacent­illiard
400	200	101203	Quadringentillion	Thousand ducentillion	Ducentilliard
500	250	101503	Quingentillion	Thousand quinqua­gintaducent­illion	Quinqua­gintaducent­illiard
600	300	101803	Sescentillion	Thousand trecentillion	Trecentilliard
700	350	102103	Septingentillion	Thousand quinqua­gintatrecent­illion	Quinqua­gintatrecent­illiard
800	400	102403	Octingentillion	Thousand quadringentillion	Quadringentilliard
900	450	102703	Nongentillion	Thousand quinqua­ginta­quadringent­illion	Quinqua­ginta­quadringent­illiard
1000	500	103003	Millinillion [17]	Thousand quingentillion	Quingentilliard

Value	Name	Equivalent
		US, Canadian and modern British (short scale)	Traditional British (long scale)	Traditional European (Peletier long scale)
10100	Googol	Ten duotrigintillion	Ten thousand sedecillion	Ten sedecilliard
1010100	Googolplex	[1] Ten trilli­trestrigintatrecentilli­trestrigintatrecentilli­trestrigintatrecentilli­trestrigintatrecentilli­trestrigintatrecentilli­trestrigintatrecentilli­trestrigintatrecentilli­trestrigintatrecentilli­trestrigintatrecentilli­trestrigintatrecentilli­trestrigintatrecentilli­trestrigintatrecentilli­trestrigintatrecentilli­trestrigintatrecentilli­trestrigintatrecentilli­trestrigintatrecentilli­trestrigintatrecentilli­trestrigintatrecentilli­trestrigintatrecentilli­trestrigintatrecentilli­trestrigintatrecentilli­trestrigintatrecentilli­trestrigintatrecentilli­trestrigintatrecentilli­trestrigintatrecentilli­trestrigintatrecentilli­trestrigintatrecentilli­trestrigintatrecentilli­trestrigintatrecentilli­trestrigintatrecentilli­trestrigintatrecentilli­trestrigintatrecentilli­duotrigintatrecentillion	[2] Ten thousand milli­sesexagintasescentilli­sesexagintasescentilli­sesexagintasescentilli­sesexagintasescentilli­sesexagintasescentilli­sesexagintasescentilli­sesexagintasescentilli­sesexagintasescentilli­sesexagintasescentilli­sesexagintasescentilli­sesexagintasescentilli­sesexagintasescentilli­sesexagintasescentilli­sesexagintasescentilli­sesexagintasescentilli­sesexagintasescentilli­sesexagintasescentilli­sesexagintasescentilli­sesexagintasescentilli­sesexagintasescentilli­sesexagintasescentilli­sesexagintasescentilli­sesexagintasescentilli­sesexagintasescentilli­sesexagintasescentilli­sesexagintasescentilli­sesexagintasescentilli­sesexagintasescentilli­sesexagintasescentilli­sesexagintasescentilli­sesexagintasescentilli­sesexagintasescentilli­sesexagintasescentillion	[2] Ten milli­sesexagintasescentilli­sesexagintasescentilli­sesexagintasescentilli­sesexagintasescentilli­sesexagintasescentilli­sesexagintasescentilli­sesexagintasescentilli­sesexagintasescentilli­sesexagintasescentilli­sesexagintasescentilli­sesexagintasescentilli­sesexagintasescentilli­sesexagintasescentilli­sesexagintasescentilli­sesexagintasescentilli­sesexagintasescentilli­sesexagintasescentilli­sesexagintasescentilli­sesexagintasescentilli­sesexagintasescentilli­sesexagintasescentilli­sesexagintasescentilli­sesexagintasescentilli­sesexagintasescentilli­sesexagintasescentilli­sesexagintasescentilli­sesexagintasescentilli­sesexagintasescentilli­sesexagintasescentilli­sesexagintasescentilli­sesexagintasescentilli­sesexagintasescentilli­sesexagintasescentilliard

^[1] Googolplex's short scale name is derived from it equal to ten of the 3,​333,​333,​333,​333,​333,​333,​333,​333,​333,​333,​333,​333,​333,​333,​333,​333,​333,​333,​333,​333,​333,​333,​333,​333,​333,​333,​333,​333,​333,​333,​333,​333,​332nd "-illion"s (This is the value of n when 10 × 10^{(3n + 3)} = 10¹⁰¹⁰⁰)

^[2] Googolplex's long scale name (both traditional British and traditional European) is derived from it being equal to ten thousand of the 1,​666,​666,​666,​666,​666,​666,​666,​666,​666,​666,​666,​666,​666,​666,​666,​666,​666,​666,​666,​666,​666,​666,​666,​666,​666,​666,​666,​666,​666,​666,​666,​666,​666th "-illion"s (This is the value of n when 10,000 × 10⁶ⁿ = 10¹⁰¹⁰⁰).

Binary prefixes

The International System of Quantities (ISQ) defines a series of prefixes denoting integer powers of 1024 between 1024¹ and 1024⁸.^[18]

Power	Value	ISQ symbol	ISQ prefix
1	10241	Ki	Kibi-
2	10242	Mi	Mebi-
3	10243	Gi	Gibi-
4	10244	Ti	Tebi-
5	10245	Pi	Pebi-
6	10246	Ei	Exbi-
7	10247	Zi	Zebi-
8	10248	Yi	Yobi-

Other named large numbers used in mathematics, physics and chemistry

• Avogadro number
• Graham's number
• Skewes's number
• Steinhaus–Moser notation
• TREE(3)
• Rayo's number
• SSCG(3)

See also

• Mathematics portal

• -yllion – Mathematical notation
• Infinity – Mathematical concept
• Asaṃkhyeya – Buddhist name for a large number
• Chinese numerals – Characters used to denote numbers in Chinese
• History of large numbers
• Indefinite and fictitious numbers
• Indian numbering system – Indian methods of naming large numbers
• Japanese numerals – Number words used in the Japanese language
• Knuth's up-arrow notation – Method of notation of very large integers
• Law of large numbers – Averages of repeated trials converge to the expected value
• List of numbers – Notable numbers
• Long and short scale – Two meanings of "billion" and "trillion"Pages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets
• Metric prefix – Order of magnitude indicator
• Names of small numbers
• Number names – Word or phrase which describes a numerical quantity
• Number prefix – Prefix derived from numerals or other numbersPages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets
• Orders of magnitude – Scale of numbers with a fixed ratioPages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets
• Orders of magnitude (data) – Computer data measurements and scales
• Orders of magnitude (numbers) – Comparison of a wide range of numbers
• Power of 10 – Ten raised to an integer power

References

1. Bellos, Alex (2011). Alex's Adventures in Numberland. A&C Black. p. 114. ISBN 978-1-4088-0959-4.
2. The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language (4th ed.). Houghton Mifflin. 2000. ISBN 0-395-82517-2.
3. "Collins English Dictionary". HarperCollins.
4. "Cambridge Dictionaries Online". Cambridge University Press.
5. The Oxford English Dictionary (2nd ed.). Clarendon Press. 1991. ISBN 0-19-861186-2.
6. "Oxford English Dictionary". Oxford University Press.
7. The Random House Dictionary of the English Language (2nd ed.). Random House. 1987.
8. Brown, Lesley; Little, William (1993). The New Shorter Oxford English Dictionary. Oxford University Press. ISBN 0198612710.
9. Webster, Noah (1981). Webster's Third New International Dictionary of the English Language, Unabridged. Merriam-Webster. ISBN 0877792011.
10. Rowlett, Russ. "How Many? A Dictionary of Units of Measures". Russ Rowlett and the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill. Archived from the original on 1 March 2000. Retrieved 25 September 2022.
11. Emerson, Oliver Farrar (1894). The History of the English Language. Macmillan and Co. p. 316.
12. "Entry for centillion in dictionary.com". dictionary.com. Retrieved 25 September 2022.
13. "Zimbabwe rolls out Z$100tr note". BBC News. 16 January 2009. Retrieved 25 September 2022.
14. Kasner, Edward; Newman, James (1940). Mathematics and the Imagination. Simon and Schuster. ISBN 0-486-41703-4.
15. Conway, J. H.; Guy, R. K. (1998). The Book of Numbers. Springer Science & Business Media. pp. 15–16. ISBN 0-387-97993-X.
16. Fish. "Conway's illion converter". Retrieved 1 March 2023.
17. Stewart, Ian (2017). Infinity: A Very Short Introduction. Oxford University Press. p. 20. ISBN 978-0-19-875523-4.
18. "IEC 80000-13:2008". International Organization for Standardization. 15 April 2008. Retrieved 25 September 2022.