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A selsoviet (Belarusian: сельсавет, romanized: sieł'saviet; Russian: сельсовет, romanized: sel'sovet, IPA: [ˈsʲelʲsɐˈvʲɛt]; Ukrainian: сільрада, romanized: sil'rada) is the shortened name for a rural council (Belarusian: се́льскi саве́т; Russian: се́льский сове́т; Ukrainian: сільська́ ра́да) and for the area governed by such a council (soviet).
Selsoviets were the lowest level of administrative division in rural areas in the Soviet Union. After the dissolution of the Soviet Union, they were preserved as a third tier of administrative-territorial division throughout Ukraine, Belarus, and many of the federal subjects of Russia.
A selsoviet is a rural administrative division of a raion that includes one or several smaller rural localities and is in a subordination to its respective raion administration.
The name refers to the local rural self-administration, the rural soviet (council), a part of the Soviet system of administration. A selsoviet was headed by a chairman, who had to be appointed by higher administration.
For a considerable period of Soviet history, passports of rural residents were stored in selsoviet offices, and people could not move outside their area of residence without the permission of selsoviet.
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Division into selsoviets as administrative-territorial units remained after the dissolution of the Soviet Union in many of the federal subjects of Russia.
In modern Russia, a selsoviet is a type of an administrative division of a district in a federal subject of Russia, which is equal in status to a town of district significance or an urban-type settlement of district significance, but is organized around a rural locality (as opposed to a town or an urban-type settlement). In some federal subjects, selsoviets were replaced with municipal rural settlements, which, in turn, were granted status of administrative-territorial units.
Prior to the adoption of the 1993 Constitution of Russia, this type of administrative division had a uniform definition on the whole territory of the Russian SFSR. After the adoption of the 1993 Constitution, the administrative-territorial structure of the federal subjects is no longer identified as the responsibility of the federal government or as the joint responsibility of the federal government and the federal subjects.[1] This state of the matters is traditionally interpreted by the governments of the federal subjects as a sign that the matters of the administrative-territorial divisions are the sole responsibility of the federal subjects themselves.[1] As a result, the modern administrative-territorial structures of the federal subjects vary significantly from one federal subject to another; that includes the manner in which the selsoviets are organized and the choice of a term to refer to such entities.
As of 2013, the following types of such entities are recognized:
- Inhabited locality (населённый пункт): in Krasnoyarsk Krai (together with selsoviets)
- Rural administration (сельская администрация): in the Republic of Kalmykia and in Tula Oblast (together with rural okrugs, rural territories, and volosts)
- Rural administrative okrug (сельский административный округ): in Bryansk Oblast
- Rural okrug (сельский округ): in the Mari El Republic, the Republic of North Ossetia–Alania, and the Sakha Republic; in Krasnodar Krai (together with stanitsa okrugs); in Belgorod, Kaliningrad, Kirov, Omsk, Ryazan, Tula (together with rural administrations, rural territories, and volosts), Tyumen, Ulyanovsk, and Yaroslavl Oblasts
- Rural settlement (сельское поселение): in the Altai and the Chuvash Republics; in Amur, Moscow, Rostov, Smolensk, Tver, and Voronezh Oblasts
- Rural territory (сельская территория): in Kemerovo Oblast and Tula Oblast (together with rural administrations, rural okrugs, and volosts)
- Rural-type settlement administrative territory (административная территория – посёлок сельского типа): in the Komi Republic (together with selo administrative territories)
- Selo administrative territory (административная территория – село): in the Komi Republic (together with rural-type settlement administrative territories)
- Selsoviet (сельсовет): in the Republics of Bashkortostan, Buryatia (together with somons), Dagestan, Khakassia (together with settlement councils), Mordovia, and the Udmurt Republic; in Altai (together with settlement administrations), Krasnoyarsk (together with inhabited localities), and Stavropol Krais; in Arkhangelsk, Astrakhan, Chelyabinsk, Kurgan, Kursk, Lipetsk, Nizhny Novgorod, Orenburg (together with settlement councils), Oryol, Penza, Tambov, Volgograd, and Vologda Oblasts; in Nenets Autonomous Okrug (together with settlements)
- Settlement (поселение): in Kostroma and Novgorod Oblasts
- Settlement (посёлок): in Nenets Autonomous Okrug (together with selsoviets)
- Settlement administration (поселковая администрация): in Altai Krai (together with selsoviets)
- Settlement council (поссовет): in the Republic of Khakassia (together with selsoviets) and in Orenburg Oblast (together with selsoviets)
- Settlement municipal formation (муниципальное образование со статусом поселения): in Leningrad Oblast
- Somon (сомон): in the Republic of Buryatia (together with selsoviets)
- Sumon (сумон): in the Republic of Tuva
- Stanitsa okrug (станичный округ): in Krasnodar Krai (together with rural okrugs)
- Territorial okrug (территориальный округ): in Murmansk Oblast
- Volost (волость): in Pskov Oblast and Tula Oblast (together with rural administrations, rural okrugs, and rural territories)
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