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Book by Ali al-Sajjad From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Al-Sahifa al-Sajjadiyya (Arabic: ٱلصَّحِيفَة ٱلسَّجَّادِيَّة, romanized: Al-Ṣaḥīfa al-Sajjādiyya, lit. 'the scripture of al-Sajjad') is a book of supplications attributed to Ali al-Sajjad (c. 659–713), the fourth imam in Shia Islam, and the great-grandson of the Islamic prophet, Muhammad. The oldest prayer manual in Islam, al-Sahifa has been praised as the epitome of Islamic spirituality and the answer to many of today's spiritual questions. In particular, Shia tradition holds the book in great esteem, ranking it behind the Quran, the central religious text of Islam, and Nahj al-Balagha, which is attributed to the fourth Caliph and first Shia imam, Ali ibn Abi Talib. 54 supplications form the core of al-Sahifa, which often also includes an addenda of 14 supplications and 15 whispered prayers (munajat).
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| Author | Ali al-Sajjad (c. 659–713) |
|---|---|
| Language | Arabic |
| Published | 7th Century CE 1st Century AH |
Al-Sahifa al-Sajjadiyya (lit. 'the scripture of al-Sajjad') is a collection of supplications.[1] Regarded as a seminal work in Islamic spirituality,[2] al-Sahifa has been praised as the epitome of Islamic spirituality and the answer to many of today's spiritual questions.[3] The book is attributed to Ali al-Sajjad, the great-grandson of the Islamic prophet Muhammad and an imam in Shia Islam, also known by the honorific title Zayn al-Abidin (lit. 'ornament of worshippers').[4][1] Shia tradition holds al-Sahifa in great esteem, ranking it behind the Quran, the central text of Islam, and Nahj al-balagha, which is attributed to Ali ibn Abi Talib, the first Shia imam and the grandfather of al-Sajjad.[5] The book is known by various honorific names in Shia Islam, including "Sister of the Quran," "Gospel of the Holy Household," and "Psalms of Muhammad's Household."[6] It is also revered by certain Sufi orders.[7] Numerous commentaries have been written about al-Sahifa.[4][8]
Supplication is the act of addressing God with one's praise, thanksgiving, hopes, and needs.[9] Muslims often recite the supplications of their religious authorities, starting with Muhammad and, for the Shia, continuing with their imams.[10] In particular, al-Sajjad likely composed al-Sahifa with the Muslim community in mind. The book, for instance, contains prayers for public occasions, such as Eid al-Fitr, and also a supplication for parents, in which al-Sajjad speaks as if his parents were still alive.[11]
Al-Sahifa may be considered as a practical realization of the essential message of Islam, shahadah, that is, "there is no god but God," or simply, God is all and man is nothing. Thus among the themes of al-Sahifa are "There is no goodness but in God," "There is no patience without God's help," "There is no gratitude but through God," and their complements, "There is no evil but in me," "There is no impatience but in my own ego," and "There is no hate but in myself." Once the worshipper admits his inadequacies and sinfulness, he can abase himself before his Lord and ask for His generosity and forgiveness.[12]
Al-Sahifa has been likened to a mosaic, every element of which corresponds to an element of the Quranic text.[13] In particular, the predominance of mercy in the Quran is reflected in al-Sahifa,[14] where al-Sajjad repeatedly takes refuge in God's mercy and its precedence over His wrath.[15] He thus frequently asks God for forgiveness in al-Sahifa, and so did Muhammad in his prayers, even though both figures are regarded as infallible in Shia Islam.[16] Both men likely repented with utmost sincerity,[17] but their 'sins' were not willful disobedience of God.[18] Rather they repeatedly asked God to conceal (istighfar) their inadequacies as limited human beings.[19]
This emphasis of al-Sahifa on God's mercy mirrors the attitude of its author, al-Sajjad, who is reported to have said, "It is only strange if a person perishes as he perishes, given the scope of God's mercy."[20] This attitude of al-Sajjad matches that of Muhammad, who suggested that the worshipper "should be firm and make his desire great, for what God gives is nothing great for Him."[20] Yet God's wrath is always kept in view, for any hope in God's mercy should be accompanied by "refraining from arrogance, pulling aside from persistence [in sin], and holding fast to praying [for] forgiveness," as prescribed in passage 12:13 of al-Sahifa.[21]
In al-Sahifa, al-Sajjad sometimes alludes to the injustices suffered by Muhammad's household, the Ahl al-Bayt.[22] There are also cases in the book where al-Sajjad prays for the Muslim community (umma) and the rectification of their affairs, as well as soldiers guarding Muslim frontiers.[23] Al-Sahifa might have initially been a sectarian booklet for the Shia.[24] For instance, salutations to Muhammad and his family frequently appear in the book in defiance of Umayyad policies.[25] In some supplications, al-Sajjad refers to imamate, a central tenet of Shia Islam.[24]
Besides its spiritual dimension, al-Sahifa is also a source of Islamic teachings. Its prayer, "Blessing Upon the Bearers of the Throne," for instance, summarizes Islamic views about angels.[2]
The attribution of al-Sahifa to al-Sajjad is often regarded as authentic,[6] although parts of the books may have been artistically edited by others.[26] In Shia tradition, the text is regarded as mutawatir, that is, handed down by numerous chains of transmission.[6] The addenda were collected by the prominent Shia scholar Muhammad ibn Makki (d. 1385), while the munajat were popularized by Muhammad-Baqir Majlisi (d. c.1699), another leading Shia scholar.[6]
Al-Sahifa was translated into Persian during the Safavid era. An English translation of the book, entitled The Psalms of Islam, is also available with an introduction and annotations by the Islamicist W.C. Chittick.[1]
In addition to al-Sahifa, there are other collections of prayers attributed to al-Sajjad. The second al-Sahifa was compiled in 1643 by al-Hurr al-Amili, a renowned Shia scholar. The third al-Sahifa was collected by Afandi, a student of Majlisi. The fifth al-Sahifa by Muhsin al-Amin, a well-known contemporary Shia scholar, is the longest such collection and subsumes all other collections.[27]
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