Russo-Turkish War (1568–1570)

The Russo-Turkish War (1568–1570) or Don-Volga-Astrakhan campaign of 1569^[8] (referred to in Ottoman sources as the Astrakhan Expedition) was a war between the Tsardom of Russia and the Ottoman Empire over the Astrakhan Khanate. It was the first of twelve Russo-Turkish wars ending with World War I in 1914–18.

Russo-Turkish War (1568–1570)
Part of the Russo-Turkish Wars
Russo-Turkish War (1568–1570)
Date 1568–1570 Location Astrakhan and Azov Result Russian victory[1][2][3]
Belligerents
Tsardom of Russia Don Cossacks Zaporozhian Cossacks[4] Kabardia (East Circassia)	Ottoman Empire Crimean Khanate Nogai Horde Shamkhalate of Tarki[5]
Commanders and leaders
Ivan the Terrible Pyotr Serebrianyi Mikhail Cherkashenin Michał Wiśniowiecki Temroqwa Idar	Selim II Sokollu Mehmed Pasha Mustafa Pasha Devlet I Giray
Strength
30,000 troops	20,000 troops 30,000–50,000 troops
Casualties and losses
Unknown 500 killed 1,000 wounded[5][6]	60,000[7] Over two-thirds of the forces perished. Ottoman fleet scattered.

In 1556, the Astrakhan Khanate was conquered by Ivan the Terrible, who had a new fortress built on a steep hill overlooking the Volga.^[9]

In 1568, the Ottoman Grand Vizier Sokollu Mehmed Pasha, who was the real power in the administration of the Ottoman Empire under Selim II, initiated the first encounter between the Ottoman Empire and her future northern arch-rival Russia. The results presaged the many disasters to come. A plan to unite the Volga and Don by a canal was detailed in Constantinople.

Martin Janet explains the outbreak of the war by saying that the Russians interfered in the trading affairs of the Ottomans and prevented the pilgrimage to Mecca.^[10] Vitaly Penskoi and Stanford Shaw argue that it was to occupy Astrakhan, which could have become the northern base for attacking the Sefids^[11] or the core for will build a northern defensive system.^[12] Murat Yaşar also claims that Astrakhan was the target of the Ottomans.^[13] The Ottoman Empire sent a large force under Mustafa Pasha of 20,000 Turks and 50,000 Tatars to lay siege to Astrakhan.^[10] Meanwhile an Ottoman fleet besieged Azov. However, a sortie from the garrison under Knyaz (prince) Serebrianyi-Obolenskiy, the Russian military governor of Astrakhan, drove back the besiegers. A Russian relief army of 30,000 attacked and scattered the workmen and the Tatar force sent for their protection. On their way home up to 70% of the remaining soldiers and workers froze to death in the steppes or became victims of attacks by Circassians. The Ottoman fleet was destroyed by a storm. The Ottoman Empire, though militarily defeated, achieved safe passage for Muslim pilgrims and traders from Central Asia, and two years later, as a result of the Crimean raids, the Russians were forced to destroy a large section of the fort on the Terek River.^[14] The Russians did this because of the protracted hostilities in Livonia and fearing a new Ottoman campaign against Astrakhan.^[15]