Rulers of Bamburgh

The Rulers of Bamburgh (Old English: Bebbanburh; Old Irish: Dún Guaire; Brittonic: Din Guairoi) were significant regional potentates in what is now northern England and south-eastern Scotland during the Viking Age. Sometimes referred to in modern sources as the Earldom of Bamburgh, their polity existed for roughly two centuries, beginning after the attacks on the Anglo-Saxon Kingdom of Northumbria by the Vikings in the later ninth century, and ending after the Norman Conquest later in the eleventh century. In Scottish and Irish sources of the period the Bamburgh 'earldom' is referred to as the kingship of the Northern English (or the North English kingdom), or simply of the 'Saxons'.

The current castle at Bamburgh.

In essence, Bamburgh and the surrounding region (the former realm of Bernicia), the northern component of Northumbria, was ruled in succession by a shadowy series of 'kings', 'earls' (Latin duces) and 'high-reeves' (from Old English heah-gerefa). Most of these were descended from Eadwulf I of Bamburgh, thereafter called the Eadwulfings or House of Bamburgh. Several of these men commanded the whole of Northumbria, and their jurisdiction is also sometimes referred to also as the earldom of Northumbria (not to be confused with the southerly 'official' ealdordom of Northumbria based at York).

Post-867 Kings in English Northumbria

List of pre-Eadwulfing Rulers (possible or certain)
Ruler	Known date(s)	Notes
Ecgbert I	c.867–c.872/3[1]	Reliant on twelfth-century source(s).[2]
Ricsige	872/3–876[1]	Reliant on twelfth-century source(s).[3]
Ecgbert II	876–878 or after 883?[1]	Reliant on twelfth-century source(s).[4]
Guthred	died 895	A Danelaw ruler; but Historia de Sancto Cuthberto suggests his kingship extended among the English north of the Tyne, but source is late and there is no contemporary evidence for his rule in the north.[5]
Osberht	fl. 901	A figure with this name 'expelled from the kingship' in one set of Northumbrian annals for 901, witnessed in the twelfth century; but otherwise unknown.[6]
Eardwulf	fl. c.899 x 924	A princeps of the region named in Historia de Sancto Cuthberto for the reign of Edward the Elder, otherwise unknown.[7]

Eadwulfing line or 'House of Bamburgh'

Eadwulfing Rulers (possible or certain)
Ruler	Known date(s)	Known title(s)	Notes
Eadwulf I	died 913	'king of the Northern English'; actor ('agent')
Ealdred I	fl. 927–933	'Ealdred son of Eadwulf of Bamburgh' (Ealdred Eadulfing from Bebbanbyrig); dux ('leader')
Ealdwulf	fl. c. 927		Named by William of Malmesbury as person 'driven out' of Northumbria upon its subjugation by Æthelstan of England.[8]
Adulf mcEtulfe	died 934	'king of the Northern English'	Recorded only in Irish source as Adulf mcEtulfe, which would ordinarily render 'Æthulf' or 'Æthelwulf son of Eadwulf', a figure otherwise unrecorded.[9] It has also been suggested that Adulf here is Ealdred I,[10] or is the rebel Ealdwulf mentioned by William of Malmesbury.[10]
Oswulf I	fl. 934–954	'high reeve' (hæhgerefa); dux ('leader')'; 'nobleman' (eorl)	Son of Eadwulf I. Said in twelfth-century sources to have taken responsibility for the Anglo-Scandinavian regions of southern Northumbria taken by Eadred of England in 954, converted to a new ealdordom (jurisdiction governed by a West Saxon ealdorman) after Oswulf's death.[11]
Eadwulf II Evil-Child	fl. 968–70	dux	Paternity unknown.
Ealdred	fl. mid. 11th century	comes ('count')	Son of Oswulf I, he provides the genealogical link between Oswulf and Waltheof I, but is attested as ruler of Bamburgh only in a late source.[12] He may be the same as Ealdred of Lindisfarne.[12]
Waltheof	fl. 994	dux	Son of Ealdred son of Oswulf I.[12]
Northman	fl 994	eorl	He is a northerner with the title of 'earl', but it is uncertain if he was ruler of Bamburgh or related to the Eadwulfing line of Bamburgh rulers.[13]
Eadred	fl. c. 1000		Another northerner with the title of 'earl', but it is uncertain if he was ruler of Bamburgh or related to the Eadwulfing line of Bamburgh rulers.[13]
Uhtred	fl. 1009–16	dux; eorl; princeps	Son of Waltheof. After 1006 he was ealdorman of Northumbria, i.e. he governed southern Northumbria as an ealdorman, regional governor, of the English king, in addition to rulership of Bamburgh.[14]
Eadwulf III Cudel	fl. c. 1020	comes	Son of Waltheof. Known and titled only in post-Conquest sources.[15]
Ealdred (II)	fl. c. 1030	comes	Son of Uhtred. Known only in post-Conquest sources.[16]
Eadwulf IV	died 1041	eorl	Son of Uhtred.
Oswulf II	died 1067	comes	Last of the Eadwuling line.

Post-Eadwulfing

Post-Eadwulfing Rulers
Ruler	Known date(s)	Known titl(e)	Notes
Gospatric	1067–1070s		Son of Maldred, or Máel Doraid, son of Crínán, possibly Crínán of Dunkeld. Died at Norham in the 1070s
Waltheof of Northampton	died 1076		Son of Siward, ealdorman in southern Northumbria. May have governed part of jurisdiction or possessed nominal claim, but tenure of Bamburgh uncertain.
Dolfin of Carlisle	fl. 1092		Son of Gospatric. Tenure of Bamburgh uncertain, but expelled from region upon the Norman arrival in 1092.
Robert de Mowbray	dispossessed 1095		Norman earl in Northumbria, possessed Bamburgh by 1093 if not earlier.

Notes

1. Rollason, Northumbria, p. 249.
2. McGuigan, 'Bamburgh', pp. 135–6.
3. McGuigan, 'Bamburgh', p. 136.
4. McGuigan, 'Bamburgh', pp. 136–7.
5. McGuigan, 'Bamburgh', pp. 137–8.
6. McGuigan, 'Bamburgh', pp. 138–9.
7. McGuigan, 'Bamburgh', p. 139.
8. Woolf, From Pictland to Alba, pp. 164–65.
9. McGuigan, 'Bamburgh', pp. 141–42/
10. Woolf, From Pictland to Alba, p. 164
11. McGuigan, 'Bamburgh', pp. 121–29, 142–43.
12. McGuigan, 'Bamburgh', p. 144.
13. McGuigan, 'Bamburgh', pp. 145–46.
14. McGuigan, 'Bamburgh', pp. 146–48.
15. McGuigan, 'Bamburgh', p. 148.
16. McGuigan, 'Bamburgh', pp. 148–49.

References

• McGuigan, Neil (2018), "Bamburgh and the Northern English: Understanding the Realm of Uhtred", in McGuigan, Neil; Woolf, Neil (eds.), The Battle of Carham: A Thousand Years On, Edinburgh: Birlinn / John Donald, pp. 95–150, ISBN 978-0-7486-1110-2
• Rollason, David (2003). Northumbria, 500-1100: Creation and Destruction of a Kingdom. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-81335-2.
• Woolf, Alex (2007), From Pictland to Alba, 789–1070, The New Edinburgh History of Scotland, Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, ISBN 978-0-7486-1234-5

See also

• Earl of Northumbria