Advertisement for nine European destinations by low-cost air travel in Romanesco at a subway station in Rome. Text: "Sò nnove, / sò bbone!" [There are nine, they are good!]The young Giuseppe Gioachino Belli
The medieval Roman dialect belonged to the southern family of Italian dialects, and was thus much closer to the Neapolitan language than to the Florentine.[1][2]
The 11th-century Saint Clement and Sisinnius inscription already has Romanesco features.
A typical example of Romanesco of that period is Vita di Cola di Rienzo[it] ("Life of Cola di Rienzo"), written by an anonymous Roman during the 14th century.[1] Starting with the 16th century, the Roman dialect underwent an increasingly stronger influence from the Tuscan dialect (from which modern Italian derives) starting with the reigns of the two Medici popes (Leo X and Clement VII) and with the Sack of Rome in 1527, two events which provoked a large immigration from Tuscany.[3][4] Therefore, current Romanesco has grammar and roots that are rather different from other dialects in Central Italy.[4]
The path towards a progressive Tuscanization of the dialect can be observed in the works of the major Romanesco writers and poets of the past two centuries: Giuseppe Gioachino Belli (1791–1863), whose sonetti romaneschi represent the most important work in this dialect and an eternal monument to 19th century Roman people; Cesare Pascarella (1858–1940); Giggi Zanazzo (1860–1911); and Carlo Alberto Salustri (1871–1950), nicknamed Trilussa.
Before Rome became the capital city of Italy, Romanesco was spoken only inside the walls of the city, while the little towns surrounding Rome had their own dialects. Nowadays, these dialects have been replaced with a variant of Romanesco, which therefore is now spoken in an area larger than the original one. It slightly pervades the everyday language of most of the immigrants who live in the large city.[citation needed]
Romanesco pronunciation and spelling differs from Standard Italian in these cases:
/j/ (lengthened) is used where standard Italian uses [ʎ]. This [j] is spelt ⟨j⟩, a letter seldom used in present-day Italian. Compare Italian figlio[ˈfiʎʎo] "son" and Romanesco fijo[ˈfijːo];
geminate/r/ ("rolled r" or alveolar trill) does not exist anymore: for example, azzurro[aˈdːzuːɾo]; (Italian: azzurro "light blue"), verrebbe[veˈɾebːe] (Italian: verrebbe "he/she would come").[5] A Roman pun recites: "Tera, chitara e guera, co' ddu' ere, sinnò è erore" (English: "Ground, guitar and war with two R's, otherwise there is a mistake"): ere and erore are also "wrong", as they are erre and errore in Standard Italian.[5] This phenomenon presumably developed after 1870, as it was not present in the classical 19th century Romanesco of Belli;[5]
/l/ becomes /r/ before another consonant: sòrdi[ˈsɔɾdi], Italian soldi "money";
in Romanesco, as in most Central and Southern Italian languages and dialects, /b/ and /dʒ/ are always geminated where permissible: e.g. libbro[ˈlibːɾo] for Standard Italian libro[ˈliːbro] "book", aggenda for agenda "diary, agenda".
the dropping of vowels at the beginning of a word when followed by a nasal consonant (m, n, gn), for example 'nzomma (Standard Italian [insomma] Error: {{Lang}}: invalid parameter: |links= (help)), 'n (Standard Italian [un/in] Error: {{Lang}}: invalid parameter: |links= (help)), 'mparà (Standard Italian [imparare] Error: {{Lang}}: invalid parameter: |links= (help)), gni (Standard Italian [ogni] Error: {{Lang}}: invalid parameter: |links= (help)).[6]
assimilation with different consonant groups. (typically a Central-Southern phenomenon) For example, /nd/ turns into /nn/ (Standard Italian [quando] Error: {{Lang}}: invalid parameter: |links= (help) turns into [quanno] Error: {{Lang}}: invalid parameter: |links= (help)), /ld/ turns into /ll/ (Standard Italian [caldo] Error: {{Lang}}: invalid parameter: |links= (help) turns into [callo] Error: {{Lang}}: invalid parameter: |links= (help)), /mb/ turns into /mm/ (Standard Italian [piombo] Error: {{Lang}}: invalid parameter: |links= (help) turns into [piommo] Error: {{Lang}}: invalid parameter: |links= (help)).
Ma nun c'è lingua come la romana Pe' dì una cosa co' ttanto divario Che ppare un magazzino de dogana.
But there is no language like the Roman one
To express a concept with so many variants
So that it seems a customs warehouse.
—G. G. Belli, "Le lingue der monno" [Languages of the world][7]
Today, Romanesco is generally considered more of a regional idiom than a true language. Classical Romanesco, which reached high literature with Giuseppe Gioachino Belli, has disappeared.
External forces such as immigration and the dominance of Italian are playing a role in the transformation.
"La Parlata romana"(PDF). online.unistrasi.it (in Italian). Università per stranieri di Siena. Archived from the original(PDF) on 6 February 2015. Retrieved 6 February 2015.
Canepari, Luciano (1992). Manuale di pronuncia italiana: con un pronunciario di oltre 30000 voci e due audiocassette C45 (in Italian). Bologna: Zanichelli. ISBN88-08-10888-0.
Belli, Giuseppe Gioachino (1965). Muscetta, Carlo; Lanza, Maria Teresa (eds.). I sonetti (in Italian). Milano: Feltrinelli. OCLC459505006. Retrieved 31 March 2024.
(in Italian) Lucio Felici, Le vicende del dialetto romanescoArchived 2012-02-20 at the Wayback Machine, in "Capitolium", 1972 (XLVII), n° 4, pp.26–33 (it is a summary of the history of Romanesco from the origin to nowadays).
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