Ripuarian (/ˌrɪpjuˈɛəriən/ RIP-yoo-AIR-ee-ən) or Ripuarian Franconian[a] is a German dialect group, part of the West Central German language group. Together with the Moselle Franconian which includes the Luxembourgish language, Ripuarian belongs to the larger Central Franconian dialect family and also to the linguistic continuum with the Low Franconian languages.
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|
| Ripuarian | |
|---|---|
| Native to | Germany, Belgium, Netherlands |
| Region | North Rhine-Westphalia, Rhineland-Palatinate, Liège Province, Limburg |
Native speakers | (Kölsch: 250,000 cited 1997)[1] |
Early forms | Proto-Indo-European
|
| Language codes | |
| ISO 639-3 | None (mis)Individual code: ksh – Kölsch |
| Glottolog | ripu1236 |
 Area where Ripuarian is spoken. Green = sparsely populated forest. | |
 Central German language area after 1945 and the expulsion of the Germans from the east. 1 = Ripuarian. | |
It is spoken in the Rhineland south of the Benrath line — from northwest of Düsseldorf and Cologne to Aachen in the west and to Waldbröl in the east.
The language area also comprises the north of the German-speaking Community of Belgium as well as the southern edge of the Limburg province of the Netherlands, especially Kerkrade (Kirchroa), where it is perceived as a variety of Limburgish and legally treated as such.[citation needed]
The name derives from the Ripuarian Franks (Rheinfranken), who settled in the area from the 4th century onward.
The most well known Ripuarian dialect is Kölsch, the local dialect of Cologne. Dialects belonging to the Ripuarian group almost always call themselves Platt (spelled plat in the Netherlands) like Öcher Platt (of Aachen), Bönnsch Platt (of Bonn), Eischwiele Platt (of Eschweiler), Kirchröadsj plat (of Kerkrade), or Bocheser plat (of Bocholtz). Most of the more than one hundred Ripuarian dialects are bound to one specific village or municipality. Usually there are small distinctive differences between neighbouring dialects (which are, however, easily noticeable to locals), and increasingly bigger differences between the more distant dialects. These are described by a set of isoglosses called the Rhenish fan in linguistics. The way people talk, even if they are not using Ripuarian, often allows them to be traced precisely to a village or city quarter where they learned to speak.
Number of speakers
About a million people speak a variation of Ripuarian dialect, which constitutes about one quarter of the inhabitants of the area. Penetration of Ripuarian in everyday communication varies considerably, as does the percentage of Ripuarian speakers from one place to another. In some places there may only be a few elderly speakers left, while elsewhere Ripuarian usage is common in everyday life. Both in the genuine Ripuarian area and far around it, the number of people passively understanding Ripuarian to some extent exceeds the number of active speakers by far.
Geographic significance
Speakers are centred on the German city of Köln (Cologne). The language's distribution starts from the important geographic transition into the flat-lands coming down from the Middle Rhine. The Ripuarian varieties are related to the Moselle Franconian languages spoken in the southern Rhineland (Rhineland-Palatinate and Saarland) in Germany, to the Luxembourgish language in Luxembourg, and to the Low Franconian Limburgish language in the Dutch province of Limburg. Most of the historic roots of Ripuarian languages are in Middle German, but there were other influences too, such as Latin, Low German, Dutch, French and Southern Meuse-Rhenish (Limburgish). Several elements of grammar are unique to Ripuarian and do not exist in the other languages of Germany.[citation needed]
The French Community of Belgium as well as the Netherlands officially recognise some Ripuarian dialects as minority languages, and the European Union likewise follows.[citation needed]
Varieties
Varieties are or include:[2]
- West Ripuarian (Westripuarisch), around Aachen and a small area in East Belgium and the Netherlands
- Central Ripuarian (Zentralripuarisch)
- City Colognian (Stadtkölnisch)
- Country Colognian (Landkölnisch)
Grammar
Numerals
The transcription from Münch,[3] in which the grave accent (`) and macron (¯) represent, respectively, accent 1 and 2 in the Central/Low Franconian pitch accent.
| Cardinals | Ordinals | |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | ēn | dę ìəštə |
| 2 | tswęī | dę tswę̀itə |
| 3 | dreī | dę drę̀itə |
| 4 | fiəꝛ | dę fiətə |
| 5 | fønəf | dę fønəftə |
| 6 | zęks | dę zękstə |
| 7 | zevə | dę zevəntə |
| 8 | āx | dę āxtə |
| 9 | nøŋ̀ | dę nøŋ̄tə |
| 10 | tsèn | dę tsèntə |
| 11 | eləf | dę eləftə |
| 12 | tsweləf | dę tsweləftə |
| 13 | drøksēn | dę drøksēntə |
| 14 | fiətsēn | dę fiətsēntə |
| 15 | fuftsēn | dę fuftsēntə |
| 16 | zęksēn | dę zęksēntə |
| 17 | zevətsēn | dę zevetsēntə |
| 18 | āxtsēn | dę āxtsēntə |
| 19 | nøŋ̄sēn | dę nøŋ̄tsēntə |
| 20 | tswantsiχ | dę tswantsiχstə |
| 21 | enəntswantsiχ | |
| 22 | tswęiəntswantsiχ | |
| 23 | dreiəntswantsiχ | |
| 24 | fiəꝛentswantsiχ | |
| 25 | fønəvəntswantsiχ | |
| 26 | zękzəntswantsiχ | |
| 27 | zevənəntswantsiχ | |
| 28 | āxəntswantsiχ | |
| 29 | nøŋəntswantsiχ | |
| 30 | dresiχ | dę dresiχstə |
| 40 | fiətsiχ | dę fiətsiχstə |
| 50 | fuftsiχ | dę fuftsiχstə |
| 60 | zęksiχ | dę zęksiχstə |
| 70 | zevəntsiχ | dę zevətsiχstə |
| 80 | āxtsiχ | dę āxtsiχstə |
| 90 | nøŋ̄siχ | dę nøŋ̄tsiχstə |
| 100 | hondəꝛt | dę hondəꝛtstə |
| 200 | tsweīhondəꝛt | |
| 1000 | dùzənt | dę dùzəntstə |
Pronouns
Ripuarian (excluding City-Colognian) emphasised personal pronouns:[3]
| 1st person | 2nd person | 3rd person m. / f. / n. | reflexive pronoun (of the 3rd person) | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Singular | ||||||
| Nom. | iχ | du | hę̄ | zeī | ət | |
| Gen. | – | – | – | – | – | |
| Dat. | mīꝛ | dīꝛ | em̀ | ìꝛ | em̀ | ziχ |
| Acc. | miχ | diχ | en | zeī | ət | ziχ |
| Plural | ||||||
| Nom. | mīꝛ | īꝛ | zē | |||
| Gen. | – | – | – | |||
| Dat. | os | yχ | eǹə | ziχ | ||
| Acc. | os | yχ | zē | ziχ | ||
See also
Notes
- German: Ripuarisch [ʁipuˈ(ʔ)aːʁɪʃ] ⓘ, ripuarische Mundart, ripuarischer Dialekt, ripuarisch-fränkische Mundart or Ribuarisch; Dutch: ripuarisch [ripyˈʋaːris] ⓘ or noordmiddelfrankisch.
References
Literature
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