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California is the most populous US state, with an estimated population of 38.9 million as of 2023.[1] It has people from a wide variety of ethnic, racial, national, and religious backgrounds.
| Demographics of California | |
|---|---|
Population pyramid of California in 2019 | |
| Population | 38,940,231 (2023)[1] |
| Census | Pop. | Note | %± |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1850 | 92,597 | — | |
| 1860 | 379,994 | 310.4% | |
| 1870 | 560,247 | 47.4% | |
| 1880 | 864,694 | 54.3% | |
| 1890 | 1,213,398 | 40.3% | |
| 1900 | 1,485,053 | 22.4% | |
| 1910 | 2,377,549 | 60.1% | |
| 1920 | 3,426,861 | 44.1% | |
| 1930 | 5,677,251 | 65.7% | |
| 1940 | 6,907,387 | 21.7% | |
| 1950 | 10,586,223 | 53.3% | |
| 1960 | 15,717,204 | 48.5% | |
| 1970 | 19,953,134 | 27.0% | |
| 1980 | 23,667,902 | 18.6% | |
| 1990 | 29,760,021 | 25.7% | |
| 2000 | 33,871,648 | 13.8% | |
| 2010 | 37,253,956 | 10.0% | |
| 2020 | 39,538,223 | 6.1% | |
| 2023 (est.) | 38,940,231 | −1.5% | |
| Sources: 1790–1990, 2000, 2010, 2020, 2023[2][3][4][1] Chart does not include Indigenous population figures. Studies indicate that the Native American population in California in 1850 was close to 150,000 before declining to 15,000 by 1900.[5] | |||
California is the most populated sub-national entity in North America. If it were an independent country, California would rank 38th in population in the world. Until recently, it had a larger population than Canada.[6] Its population is one third larger than that of the next most populous state, Texas.[7] California surpassed New York to become the most populous state in 1962.[8] California's population growth has slowed dramatically in the 21st century.[9][10] In 2010, the state's five most populous counties were Los Angeles, San Diego, Orange, Riverside, and San Bernardino, with Riverside County having the largest percentage increase in population.[11] The largest metro areas in California, as of 2010, are Los Angeles, the San Francisco Bay Area, San Diego, the Inland Empire, and Sacramento.[12] From 2006 until 2016, the state lost a net population of about 1 million people from emigration to other states,[13] yet the population of the state continued to grow due to immigration from overseas and more births than deaths.[14]
As of 2006, California had an estimated population of 37,172,015, more than 12 percent of the US population. This includes a natural increase since the last census of 1,557,112 people (i.e., 2,781,539 births minus 1,224,427 deaths) and an increase due to net migration of 751,419 people. Immigration resulted in a net increase of 1,415,879 people, and migration from within the US resulted in a net decrease of 564,100 people. California is the 13th fastest-growing state. As of 2023, the total fertility rate was 1.52 which is on par with Canada.[15]
The center of population of California is located at 35.463595°N 119.325359°W in Kern County, near the town of Shafter.[16]
No single ethnic group forms a majority of California's population, making the state a minority-majority state. Hispanics (of any race) are the largest single ethnic group in the state.[17] Spanish is the state's second most widely spoken language. Areas with especially large Spanish speaking populations include the Los Angeles metropolitan area, the California-Mexico border counties of San Diego and Imperial, and the San Joaquin Valley. Nearly 43% of Californian residents speak a language other than English at home, a proportion far higher than any other state.[18]
In 2011, there were an estimated 2.6 million undocumented immigrants residing in California.[19] California is home to almost 25% of the country's undocumented population, making up 6% of California's residents overall. Two-thirds of California's undocumented population have lived in the state for more than 10 years.[20]
About 52% of California's public school students in the 2011–2012 school year identified themselves as Hispanic or Latino and 26% as non-Hispanic Caucasian. The following ethnic groups made up the rest of the statewide public school student body: Asians (11%), African Americans (7%), Native Americans (0.7%), and Pacific Islanders (0.6%). Students of mixed race made up about 2% of the public schools. Hispanics have made up the majority of the state's public schools since 2010. Los Angeles Unified School District, the largest school district in California and second largest in the nation, is 73% Hispanic, 10% African American, 9% non-Hispanic Caucasian, 6% Asian, 0.5% Native American, and 0.4% Pacific Islander.[21]
In 2020, amid the COVID-19 pandemic, California's population fell for the first time in history, resulting in its first loss of a congressional seat.[22] The state's population declined again in 2021 and 2022.[23] The main causes of the decline are: a high mortality rate, a declining natality, a fall in international migration and emigration to other states.[23] The latter phenomenon is sometimes called California exodus.[24] Population loss was noticed in 34 out of 58 counties in the state between January 2020 and July 2022.[25] According to the California Department of Finance, the state's population will stay constant at around 39.5 million until 2060.[26][27] In 2020–2021, California saw an annual loss of 398,795 people. Between 2021–2022, there was a lower loss in population at 113,649 people.[25] The slowing down of population loss as seen in 2022 would continue into 2023 seeing a loss of 75,423 people making it a 0.2% population loss from the previous year as compared to 2022 having a 0.3% loss in 2023.[28]
| Year | In-migrants | Out-migrants | Net domestic migration |
|---|---|---|---|
| 2010 | 444,749 | 573,988 | –129,239 |
| 2011 | 468,428 | 562,343 | –93,915 |
| 2012 | 493,641 | 566,986 | –73,345 |
| 2013 | 485,477 | 581,679 | –96,202 |
| 2014 | 513,968 | 593,308 | –79,340 |
| 2015 | 514,477 | 643,710 | –129,233 |
| 2016 | 514,758 | 657,690 | –142,932 |
| 2017 | 523,131 | 661,026 | –137,895 |
| 2018 | 501,023 | 691,145 | –190,122 |
| 2019 | 480,204 | 653,551 | –173,347 |
| 2021 | 433,402 | 841,065 | –407,663 |
| 2022 | 475,803 | 817,669 | –341,866 |
| Race / Ethnicity (NH = Non-Hispanic) | Numbers | % | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 2000[30] | 2010[31] | 2020[32] | 2000 | 2010 | 2020 | |
| White alone (NH) | 15,816,790 | 14,956,253 | 13,714,587 | 46.70% | 40.15% | 34.69% |
| Black or African American alone (NH) | 2,181,926 | 2,163,804 | 2,119,286 | 6.44% | 5.81% | 5.36% |
| Native American or Alaska Native alone (NH) | 178,984 | 162,250 | 156,085 | 0.53% | 0.44% | 0.39% |
| Asian alone (NH) | 3,648,860 | 4,775,070 | 5,978,795 | 10.77% | 12.82% | 15.12% |
| Pacific Islander alone (NH) | 103,736 | 128,577 | 138,167 | 0.31% | 0.35% | 0.35% |
| Other Race alone (NH) | 71,681 | 85,587 | 223,929 | 0.21% | 0.23% | 0.57% |
| Mixed Race or Multi-Racial (NH) | 903,115 | 968,696 | 1,627,722 | 2.67% | 2.60% | 4.12% |
| Hispanic or Latino (any race) | 10,966,556 | 14,013,719 | 15,579,652 | 32.38% | 37.62% | 39.40% |
| Total | 33,871,648 | 37,253,956 | 39,538,223 | 100.00% | 100.00% | 100.00% |
According to the 2020 US census, California's population was 34.7% Non-Hispanic White, 5.4% Non-Hispanic African American, 0.4% Non-Hispanic Native American, 15.1% Non-Hispanic Asian, 0.4% Non-Hispanic Pacific Islander, 4.1% Non-Hispanic Multiracial, and 39.4% Hispanic or Latino of any race.[32] Hispanics are the largest racial/ethnic group in California. Non-Hispanic Whites have decreased from about 76.3% of the state's population in 1970[33] to 33.7% in 2022.[34] While the population of minorities (defined as anyone who is not fully non-Hispanic white) in the US accounts for 139.8 million of 331.5 million US residents in 2020, 18.5% of the national total live in California (2020).[35]
California has the highest number and second highest percentage of Asian Americans by state. Only Hawaii has a higher Asian American percentage than California. While New Mexico has a higher percentages of Hispanics (36.5%), California has the highest total number of Hispanics of any US state.
The largest named ancestries in California are Mexican (25%), Germans (9%), Irish (7.7%), English (7.4%), and Italian (5.8%);[citation needed] there are 65 other ethnicities with sizable populations in California including Arabs, Albanians, Australians, Brazilians,[36] Canadians, Haitians, Iranians/Persians, and Somalis as examples. Both Los Angeles and San Francisco have large numbers of residents with British, French, Italian, Iranian/Persian,[37] German, Russian, and Scandinavian ancestry.[38]
California has the largest population of white non-Hispanic Americans in the US, totaling over 13.7 million as of the 2020 census. The state has the fifth largest population of African Americans in the US, an estimated 2.1 million residents. California's Asian population is estimated at 6.0 million, approximately 15.% of the nation's estimated 39.9 million Asian Americans. California's Native American population of 156,085 is the 4th-largest of any state, behind Oklahoma, Arizona, and New Mexico.[32]
Since the 2000 US census, California has been known as the second state in US history (after Hawaii since its statehood in 1959) to become majority minority (it has since been joined by Texas, Arizona, New Mexico, Maryland, and Georgia), and since 2014, the first state to have a Latino plurality (of any race). The media discussed the possibility of Latinos becoming a majority in the 21st century.[39]
|
Racial Makeup of California (2022)[34] White alone (38.88%) Black alone (5.44%) Native American alone (1.29%) Asian alone (15.51%) Pacific Islander alone (0.41%) Some other race (19.47%) Multiracial (19.00%)
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Racial Makeup of California treating Hispanics as a Racial Category (2022)[34] White NH (33.72%) Black NH (5.19%) Native American NH (0.26%) Asian NH (15.27%) Pacific Islander NH (0.35%) Other race NH (0.64%) Multiracial NH (4.26%) Hispanic Any Race (40.31%)
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Racial Makeup of Hispanics in California (2022)[34] White alone (12.81%) Black alone (0.61%) Native American alone (2.55%) Asian alone (0.61%) Pacific Islander alone (0.15%) Other race alone (46.69%) Multiracial (36.57%)
|
According to 2022 US Census Bureau one-year estimates, California's population by race (where Hispanics are allocated to the individual racial categories) was 38.9% White, 15.5% Asian, 19.5% Other Race, 5.4% Black or African American, 1.3% Native American or Alaskan Native, 0.4% Pacific Islander, and 19.0% Mixed race or Multiracial.[34]
If Hispanics are treated as if a separate race and removed from the racial categories, the breakout is 33.7% Non-Hispanic White, 15.3% Non-Hispanic Asian, 0.6% Non-Hispanic Other Race, 5.2% Non-Hispanic Black, 0.3% Non-Hispanic Native American or Alaskan Native, 0.4% Non-Hispanic Pacific Islander, and 40.3% Hispanic-Latino (of any race).[34]
Latinos in California primarily identify as Other Race (46.7%) or Multiracial (36.6%) with smaller amounts as white (12.8%), American Indian and Alaskan Native (2.6%), Asian (0.6%), and Hawaiian and Pacific Islander (0.2%).[34]
| Racial composition | 1850[40] | 1860[40] | 1870[40] | 1880[40] | 1890[40] | 1900[40] | 1910[40][41] | 1920[40][41] | 1930[40][41] | 1940[40][41] | 1950[40][41] | 1960[40][41] | 1970[40] | 1980[40] | 1990[40] | 2000[42] | 2010[43] | 2020[44] |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| White | 99.0% | 85.0% | 89.1% | 88.7% | 91.6% | 94.5% | 95.0% | 95.3% | 95.3% | 95.5% | 93.7% | 92.0% | 89.0% | 76.2% | 69.0% | 77.7% | 74.1% | 41.2% |
| Non-Hispanic White | – | – | – | – | – | – | 93% | 91.7% | 88.7% | 89.5% | – | – | 76.3% | 66.6% | 57.2% | 46.7% | 40.1% | 34.7% |
| Black | 1.0% | 1.1% | 0.8% | 0.7% | 0.9% | 0.7% | 0.9% | 1.1% | 1.4% | 1.8% | 4.4% | 5.6% | 7.0% | 7.7% | 7.4% | 6.4% | 5.8% | 5.7% |
| Hispanic (of any race) | – | – | – | – | – | – | 2.1% | 3.7% | 6.8% | 6.0% | 7.2% | 9.1% | 13.7% | 19.2% | 25.8% | 32.4% | 37.6% | 39.4% |
| Asian | – | 9.2% | 8.8% | 8.7% | 6.1% | 3.8% | 3.4% | 3.1% | 3.0% | 2.4% | 1.7% | 2.0% | 2.8% | 5.3% | 9.6% | 10.8% | 13.0% | 15.5% |
| Native Hawaiian and other Pacific Islander |
– | 0.3% | 0.4% | |||||||||||||||
| Native | – | 4.7% | 1.3% | 1.9% | 1.4% | 1.0% | 0.7% | 0.5% | 0.3% | 0.3% | 0.2% | 0.2% | 0.5% | 0.9% | 0.8% | 1.0% | 1.0% | 1.6% |
| Other race | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | 0.7% | 10.0% | 13.2% | 21.2% | ||
| Two or more races | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | 2.7% | 14.6% |
California has the largest population of European Americans of any state. For example, in 2000, California had more Bulgarian Americans, Romanian Americans, Hungarian Americans, and British Americans than any other US state. Los Angeles and San Francisco have large Russian American and Ukrainian American populations; and a long history of German, Irish, Italian, English, and Polish communities established by immigrants in the late 19th century. There are also many English Americans, Irish Americans, and French Americans whose ancestors were the original 49ers, also known as the California gold rush immigrants.
California has over one million residents each with Spanish or Portuguese ancestry,[45] with communities along coastal parts of the state such as San Diego, Long Beach, and Camarillo, as well as Santa Clara (including Cupertino, Gilroy and San Jose), Salinas, Santa Maria, and San Joaquin Valleys. A small wave of Danish, Dutch, and Swedish immigrants founded towns like Lathrop near Stockton, Artesia near Los Angeles, Kingsburg south of Fresno, Solvang north of Santa Barbara in the late 1800s and the private community of Sveadal located 15 miles south of San Jose and populated entirely by members of the Swedish American Patriotic League.[46] Small colonies of early 19th-century Russian settlement under the Russian American Company are in Fort Ross,[47] Calistoga and the Russian River Valley in Sonoma and Napa counties. California also has the third largest Greek American population in the United States, behind New York and Massachusetts. The Los Angeles Harbor area of San Pedro has a sizeable Croatian American population. Small Amish/Mennonite colonies exist in an area bordered by the towns Oakdale, Riverbank and Ripon near Modesto and in Reedley, Sanger and Orange Cove near Fresno in the San Joaquin Valley; and in the outer Salinas Valley.[48]
The most important Italian community in California is in North Beach District at San Francisco. 60% of Italian Americans in California are from northern Italy.[49] Others numerous groups are from Tuscany and Sicily.[49] Many Italians also live in San Diego, with Little Italy having San Diego's largest Italian population.
There is also a large Dutch community in California.[50] The Dutch settled in Redlands, Ontario, Ripon, and Bellflower.[51]
Little Arabia is an ethnic enclave in Orange County, California,[52] the center for Orange County's Arab Americans, who number more than 24,000 (as of 2000).[53] It is sometimes referred to as "Little Gaza" which was a play on the original designation of this area as the "Garza Island."[54][55] Little Arabia grew significantly in the 1990s with the arrival of immigrants from the Middle East, and is the home to thousands of Arab Americans predominantly hailing from Egypt, Syria, Palestine, and Yemen.[56]
More than 500,000 Iranian Americans live throughout Southern California, including about 20% of the population of Beverly Hills.[57] Iranian American communities also flourish in the San Fernando Valley, Orange County, San Diego, and the San Joaquin Valley. The majority of Iranian Americans immigrated after the Pahlavi dynasty was overthrown in 1979.
California is also home to many Armenian Americans; the highest concentration of Americans of Armenian descent is in Greater Los Angeles, where 166,498 people have identified themselves as Armenian in the 2000 US census, comprising over 40% of the 385,488 people who identified Armenian origins in the US at the time. Many of these live in Glendale north of Los Angeles, as well as a large community in Fresno. The size of the Armenian American population is disputed, however. According to a 1988 news article, California had about 500,000 ethnic Armenians with over half of them living in Greater Los Angeles.[58]
More than 1,300,000 Jewish Americans live in California, the majority of whom are Ashkenazi Jews.[59] In addition, there are more than 250,000 Israeli Americans live in the Los Angeles area, according to the Israeli American Council.[60] There are also significant Israeli American populations in the Bay Area, San Francisco, and San Jose areas of Northern California. The largest Karaite Jewish population outside of Israel exists in the Bay Area, consisting of several hundreds descendants of refugees from the Egyptian Karaite community, as well as some recent converts.[61] Their community is centered around the only Karaite synagogue outside the Middle East, Congregation B'nai Israel, located in Daly City.[62] The Moroccan Jewish community in California is one of the largest in North America, approximately 10,000 Moroccan Jews reside in Greater Los Angeles, mostly in Pico-Robertson, North Hollywood, and Beverly Hills. Many are the descendants of community members who first emigrated to the United States in the aftermath of World War II. Many others came later in the 20th century from Israel, and beginning in the early 21st century from France due to increasing antisemitism there.[63] The community has their own synagogues as well as a community center.
Over 50,000 Afghan Americans are concentrated in the East Bay primarily in Alameda County and its communities of Fremont and Hayward; Afghans also live throughout the state (esp. Orange and Ventura Counties).
There is also a large population of Assyrian descent living in the Central Valley, with large communities in Modesto, Ceres, and Turlock, as well as throughout the Central Coast and the California Desert (i.e. the Coachella and Imperial Valleys). San Diego has one of the largest concentrations of Chaldean immigrants in the United States.[64]
About an estimated 3,000 Moroccan Americans are living in Los Angeles, Long Beach, and Santa Ana.[65]
Turkish Americans and Azerbaijani Americans form moderately-sized communities in both Los Angeles and San Francisco. The state also has over 2,000 Circassian Americans with a little community in Anaheim.
California has 2.3 million African Americans as of 2010, the largest population of black or African Americans of the Western US states,[66] and the 5th largest black population in the United States.
African Americans are concentrated in Greater Los Angeles, the East Bay of the San Francisco Bay Area, and Sacramento region.[67]
Most African Americans in California have origins from Southern states like Louisiana, Texas, Arkansas, and Oklahoma.[68]
California has a number of West Indian (Afro-Caribbean American) and African immigrants from countries such as Cape Verde, Eritrea, Ethiopia, Ghana, Kenya, Nigeria, Senegal, Somalia, South Africa, Tanzania, and Yemen across from the Horn of Africa. Immigrants from these countries have established communities in a number of cities in the state, such as Little Ethiopia in West Los Angeles. In addition to the Ethiopian community in Los Angeles, there is a significant Ethiopian population in Oakland/Berkeley. Nuer refugees from South Sudan have migrated to the Sacramento area. There are Cape Verdean communities in Solano County, the Santa Clara Valley, and the San Diego area. As of 2019, there are 13,061 Jamaicans in the state.[69][70]
As of 2010, California's Native American population of 362,801 was the most of any state.[71] It also has the most Native American tribes, indigenous to the state or not, but the majority of known Californian Indian tribes became extinct in the late 19th century. The US census includes Latin American Indian, especially immigrants who belonged to Indigenous peoples or who have Amerindian heritage from North and South America.
The Cherokee Nation is the largest tribe in the state with a population of 22,000 in 2020,[72] although the number of Cherokee descendants are at 110,000 in the earlier census taken in 2010 and any persons residing in California of Cherokee descent may surpass 600,000 according to demographers. Their tribal nation is in the northeast part of Oklahoma but they live across the state and neighboring states. They are often descendants of Dust Bowl refugees in the 1930s and 1940s who migrated to the state's farming counties and urban areas for jobs. The largest urban American Indian communities are Los Angeles/Long Beach, San Francisco/Oakland, Sacramento, and San Diego areas.[73]
California also has significant populations of the Apache, Chickasaw, Choctaw, Muscogee, Seminole, Tlingit, Hopi, Zuni, Navajo, Blackfeet, Shoshone, Nez Perce, Paiute, Pueblo, Tohono Oʼodham, Cahuilla, Chumash, Karuk, Yurok, and Yokuts tribes. The Cahuilla in the Coachella Valley have profited from real estate land leases, and much of Indio and Palm Springs are tribal-owned lands under legal tribal jurisdiction.[74]
The state has a long history of established East, South, and Southeast Asian American communities, including Chinese since the 1850s, Japanese since the 1880s, Indians since the 1890s, and Filipinos for over a century since 1900. A large wave of Asian immigration since 1965, following the Immigration and Nationality Act of 1965 which ended the ban on Asian immigration, brought in more Chinese along with Koreans and Southeast Asians after the Vietnam War ended in the late 1970s. South Asians are also a fast-growing group.
As of the 2010 census there were a total of 17,941,286 respondents who claimed to be Asian American and Asian.[75] Out of these respondents in the United States,[76] 30.9% live in California, with 5,556,592 Asian Americans being counted by the 2010 census.[77] This is a 1.5 million growth in population from the 2000 census, making Asian Americans 14.9 percent of the state's population.[78] Out of those almost 5.6 million Asian Americans in California there are 1,474,707 Filipinos, 1,349,111 Chinese, 647,589 Vietnamese, 590,445 Indians, 505,225 Koreans, 428,140 Japanese, 109,928 Taiwanese, 102,317 Cambodians, 91,224 Hmong, 69,303 Laotians, 67,707 Thais, 53,474 Pakistanis, 39,506 Borneans, Sumatrans, and Indonesians, 17,978 Burmese, 11,929 Sri Lankans, 10,494 Bangladeshis, 6,231 Nepalese, 5,595 Malaysians, 4,993 Mongolians, 1,513 Singaporeans, 1,377 Ryukyuans, and 750 Bhutanese.[77]
Chinese Americans are numerous in San Francisco, Oakland, the East Bay, South Bay, the Central Coast of California, Sacramento, San Diego, and the San Gabriel Valley region of Los Angeles County. The San Francisco Bay Area has a greater concentration of Cantonese-speaking Chinese than any other region in the United States. The Mexican border community of Calexico, California in addition to Mexicali has large numbers of Chinese Mexican Americans, that is, Mexican Americans of Chinese ancestry. Smaller Chinese communities can also be found in San Jacinto Valley, Lake Elsinore, and Victorville.
Southern California has perhaps the largest Taiwan-born Chinese American community in the US, particularly in the San Gabriel Valley (i.e. Walnut and Diamond Bar), Buena Park, Cerritos, West Covina, Irvine, communities in the South Bay, Los Angeles and southern Orange County. Many minority groups from China also live in California, for example, there are Tibetan and Mongolian Americans concentrated in San Francisco, Oakland, San Jose, Orange County, and the Los Angeles/Long Beach area.
Large Korean American communities exist in the Koreatown area of Los Angeles, the eastern San Gabriel Valley, the San Fernando Valley, Cerritos/Long Beach, South Bay, Los Angeles, northern Orange County and San Diego area. There is another large Korean American population in the San Francisco Bay Area, and Koreans are growing in number in the suburban Inland Empire region, in cities such as Chino Hills, Corona, Desert Hot Springs, and Loma Linda south of San Bernardino. Since 1990, the Korean American and African American populations relocated westward and northward in the Los Angeles area.
The South Bay area and Little Tokyo have a large Japanese American community. Japanese Americans, however, are also concentrated in San Francisco and across the Bay Area, San Jose, the Salinas Valley and Santa Cruz County; and smaller communities in the Sacramento, Fresno, Bakersfield, Anaheim, San Diego, San Bernardino, Santa Barbara, and Stockton areas. Despite the presence of Japanese goods stores, media outlets and restaurants in the state, most "Little Tokyos" and "Japantowns" were evacuated during the forced relocation of Japanese Americans during World War II (see Japanese American Internment). As a result, most Japanese Americans in urban areas do not reside in historical Japanese communities.
California has the largest Indian American population in the US. Many live in the Los Angeles Metropolitan Area, San Diego, and the San Francisco Bay Area. The Los Angeles suburbs of Artesia and Cerritos have large Indian American communities. San Jose, Fremont, and other Silicon Valley cities have many Indian Americans who are employed in the high-tech industry. Many Indian Americans are in Central Valley cities such as Stockton, Bakersfield, Fresno, Yuba City, and the Imperial Valley. Most South Asians in California are Indian American, but there are also Pakistani Americans, Bangladeshi Americans, and Sri Lankan Americans (see Sinhalese and Tamils) especially concentrated in the San Gabriel Valley (Covina Valley) of the Los Angeles area. California is home to the unique Punjabi Mexican American community, mostly centered around Yuba City.
California has the largest American population of Southeast Asians, concentrated in the Los Angeles-Long Beach, Sacramento, and Fresno areas. This includes the Hmong and Vietnamese, including Chinese Vietnamese. Long Beach has one of the largest Cambodian American communities in the United States. The neighboring cities of Westminster and Garden Grove have the largest Vietnamese American community outside of Vietnam and are often dubbed "Little Saigon". Vietnamese and Cambodian immigrants also settled in the San Francisco Bay Area, especially San Jose, Santa Clara and Sunnyvale, as well across the San Joaquin Valley and in San Diego.
Filipino Americans are particularly numerous in Los Angeles, Sacramento, San Francisco, San Diego, San Mateo, and Solano counties, and in southern California communities such as Artesia, Baldwin Park, Carson, Cerritos, Covina, West Covina, and the Eagle Rock district of Los Angeles. Around San Diego, many Filipinos live in the communities of Mira Mesa, National City, and Chula Vista. Delano near Bakersfield, other towns in the San Joaquin Valley, the Inland Empire of Riverside-San Bernardino, Coachella Valley-Imperial Valley region,[79] Salinas, Stockton and Lathrop, and the Santa Maria/San Luis Obispo area also have large Filipino American populations. Daly City south of San Francisco has a large Filipino population and is the largest percentage wise in the United States. As of the 1980s, Filipinos have been the largest population of Asians in California.[80] Twenty percent of registered nurses, in 2013, in California are Filipino.[81]
Over 6,000 Laotian Americans live in the Fresno area, including an even larger Hmong American community, the second-largest of its kind. Other Hmong colonies in the Central Valley of California and Northern California developed since the end of the Vietnam War (1975–1979).
California also has a Thai American community of over 250,000, concentrated in Southern California, with small Thai and Southeast Asian communities in Perris and Banning in the Inland Empire region. Los Angeles has the largest Thai population outside of Thailand and is also home to the world's first Thai Town. About 150,000 Indonesians live in Southern California, primarily the Los Angeles and San Diego areas.
The state has 150,000 residents with Pacific Islander ancestry. Most of them are 80,000 Native Hawaiians of measurable Polynesian ancestry; many also have Asian, European, or other ancestries. There are also 25,000 Samoan Americans originally from American Samoa or Western Samoa. Most live in Long Beach and the Los Angeles suburbs of Carson, Artesia, Cerritos, and Redondo Beach, Oceanside, and Upland. About 10,000 Chamorros from Guam and the Northern Mariana Islands live in Northern California, the largest Micronesian community in the mainland United States. An estimated 10,000 Tahitians from French Polynesia live in Southern California.
There are also many Palauan Americans in southern California, specifically in the San Diego area. This includes Vista which has a population of 677 Palauan Americans according to the 2010 US census. Members of the Palauan community often also have Malay, Indonesian, Micronesian, Melanesian, Japanese, and other East Asian ancestries. Many Chuukese or Trukese live in San Diego.
Latinos, mainly Mexican Americans, form major portions of the population of Southern California, especially in Los Angeles, as well as the San Joaquin Valley. The city of Los Angeles is often said to be the largest Mexican community in the United States. Census records kept track of the growth since 1850, but Mexicans and Mexican Americans have lived in California since Spanish colonial times. However, the number and percentage population of Latinos living in California increased rapidly in the late 20th century.
The Imperial Valley on the US-Mexican border is about 70–75% Latino; communities with many Latinos can also be found in Riverside County, especially at its eastern end, and the Coachella Valley. The Central Valley has many Mexican American migrant farm workers. Latinos are the majority in 11 counties: Colusa, Fresno, Imperial, Kern, Kings, Madera, Merced, Monterey, San Benito, San Bernardino, and Tulare counties.
Latinos make up at least 20% of the San Francisco Bay Area. Many live in San Mateo, Redwood City, Alameda, Contra Costa, and Santa Clara counties, as well in San Francisco. The Napa and Salinas Valleys have predominantly Latino communities established by migrant farm workers. San Jose is about 30–35% Latino, the largest Latino community in northern California, while the Mission District, San Francisco and Lower/West Oakland have barrios established by Mexican and Latin American immigrants. The Mexican American communities of East Los Angeles and Logan Heights, San Diego, as well the San Joaquin Valley are centers of historic Chicano and Latino cultures.
California also has the largest populations of Hispanics/Latinos in the country. Most of the state's Latinos have Mexican ancestry, having the largest Mexican population in the United States, making up about 31 percent of the state population. California has a large and diverse population, having the largest Central American, especially Salvadoran population in the United States. Guatemalan Americans are spread out in Southern California after previously being centered in Los Angeles between 1970 and 2010. California also has many Cuban Americans, Puerto Rican Americans, Honduran Americans, and Nicaraguan Americans, along with people of Chilean, Colombian, Peruvian, and other South American ancestry. Los Angeles has had the United States' largest Central American community, as well as the largest Mexican American community, since the 1910s. In fact, the 1900 census record finds 319 to 619 out of 100,000 residents in the city of Los Angeles were "Spanish" or "Mexican". Nearly 31% of Los Angeles itself is of Mexican descent, having the largest Mexican population of any city in the United States. 12,392 Belizeans also live in California.[82]
In Mariposa County, there is a very small community of Californios or Spanish American people as they identify themselves, that dates back before the US annexation of California. Hornitos is home to an estimated 1,000 people and many have Spanish heritage. The community's "Spanish" Californio culture is closely linked with Mexico and other Latin American nations.
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| Rank | Country of birth | Population |
|---|---|---|
| 1. | United States | 28,786,026 |
| 2. | Mexico | 3,859,785 |
| 3. | Philippines | 812,752 |
| 4. | China, excluding Taiwan | 766,855 |
| 5. | India | 547,009 |
| 6. | Vietnam | 503,340 |
| 7. | El Salvador | 460,260 |
| 8. | Korea | 311,049 |
| 9. | Iran | 212,452 |
| 10. | Taiwan | 171,960 |
| 11. | United Kingdom | 121,581 |
| 12. | Canada | 120,102 |
| 13. | Japan | 106,870 |
| 14. | Russia | 73,582 |
| 15. | Germany | 72,672 |
| Year | Average population |
Crude birth rate (per 1,000) |
Crude death rate (per 1,000) |
Natural change (per 1,000) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1909 | 2,282,000 | 13.6 | 13.6 | 0.0 |
| 1910 | 2,406,000 | 13.3 | 13.3 | 0.0 |
| 1911 | 2,534,000 | 13.8 | 13.4 | 0.4 |
| 1912 | 2,668,000 | 14.6 | 13.9 | 0.7 |
| 1913 | 2,811,000 | 15.7 | 13.9 | 1.8 |
| 1914 | 2,934,000 | 15.7 | 12.6 | 3.1 |
| 1915 | 3,008,000 | 16.0 | 13.0 | 3.0 |
| 1916 | 3,071,000 | 16.6 | 13.0 | 3.6 |
| 1917 | 3,171,000 | 16.4 | 13.2 | 3.2 |
| 1918 | 3,262,000 | 17.2 | 17.6 | -0.6 |
| 1919 | 3,339,000 | 17.1 | 13.8 | 3.3 |
| 1920 | 3,554,000 | 18.9 | 13.2 | 5.7 |
| 1921 | 3,795,000 | 19.0 | 12.4 | 6.6 |
| 1922 | 3,991,000 | 18.3 | 13.0 | 5.3 |
| 1923 | 4,270,000 | 18.7 | 12.6 | 6.1 |
| 1924 | 4,541,000 | 19.2 | 12.6 | 6.6 |
| 1925 | 4,730,000 | 18.0 | 12.1 | 5.9 |
| 1926 | 4,929,000 | 16.6 | 12.0 | 4.9 |
| 1927 | 5,147,000 | 16.3 | 11.9 | 4.4 |
| 1928 | 5,344,000 | 15.7 | 12.4 | 3.3 |
| 1929 | 5,531,000 | 14.6 | 11.8 | 2.8 |
| 1930 | 5,711,000 | 14.7 | 11.6 | 3.1 |
| 1931 | 5,824,000 | 14.1 | 11.7 | 2.4 |
| 1932 | 5,894,000 | 13.2 | 11.5 | 1.7 |
| 1933 | 5,963,000 | 12.6 | 11.4 | 1.2 |
| 1934 | 6,060,000 | 12.9 | 11.2 | 1.7 |
| 1935 | 6,175,000 | 13.0 | 11.8 | 1.2 |
| 1936 | 6,341,000 | 13.2 | 12.0 | 1.2 |
| 1937 | 6,528,000 | 14.4 | 12.3 | 2.1 |
| 1938 | 6,656,000 | 15.3 | 11.4 | 3.9 |
| 1939 | 6,785,000 | 15.3 | 11.3 | 4.0 |
| 1940 | 6,950,000 | 16.1 | 11.5 | 4.6 |
| 1941 | 7,237,000 | 17.3 | 11.3 | 6.0 |
| 1942 | 7,735,000 | 19.8 | 11.0 | 8.8 |
| 1943 | 8,506,000 | 20.3 | 10.6 | 9.7 |
| 1944 | 8,945,000 | 18.9 | 10.1 | 8.8 |
| 1945 | 9,344,000 | 19.5 | 9.8 | 9.7 |
| 1946 | 9,559,000 | 22.7 | 9.8 | 12.9 |
| 1947 | 9,832,000 | 24.8 | 9.7 | 15.1 |
| 1948 | 10,060,000 | 23.8 | 9.7 | 14.1 |
| 1949 | 10,340,000 | 23.7 | 9.7 | 14.0 |
| 1950 | 10,680,000 | 22.9 | 9.3 | 13.6 |
| 1951 | 11,130,000 | 23.4 | 9.3 | 14.1 |
| 1952 | 11,640,000 | 24.1 | 9.3 | 14.8 |
| 1953 | 12,250,000 | 24.5 | 9.1 | 15.4 |
| 1954 | 12,750,000 | 24.4 | 8.7 | 15.7 |
| 1955 | 13,130,000 | 24.1 | 8.8 | 15.3 |
| 1956 | 13,710,000 | 24.6 | 8.8 | 15.8 |
| 1957 | 14,260,000 | 24.8 | 8.7 | 16.1 |
| 1958 | 14,880,000 | 23.7 | 8.5 | 15.2 |
| 1959 | 15,470,000 | 23.5 | 8.4 | 15.1 |
| 1960 | 15,870,000 | 23.5 | 8.5 | 15.0 |
| 1961 | 16,500,000 | 23.2 | 8.3 | 14.9 |
| 1962 | 17,070,000 | 22.3 | 8.3 | 14.0 |
| 1963 | 17,670,000 | 21.7 | 8.4 | 13.3 |
| 1964 | 18,150,000 | 20.8 | 8.4 | 12.4 |
| 1965 | 18,580,000 | 19.2 | 8.3 | 10.9 |
| 1966 | 18,860,000 | 17.9 | 8.3 | 9.6 |
| 1967 | 19,180,000 | 17.6 | 8.2 | 9.4 |
| 1968 | 19,390,000 | 17.4 | 8.3 | 9.1 |
| 1969 | 19,710,000 | 17.8 | 8.4 | 9.4 |
| 1970 | 19,970,000 | 17.9 | 8.2 | 9.7 |
| 1971 | 20,350,000 | 17.3 | 8.3 | 9.0 |
| 1972 | 20,590,000 | 15.2 | 8.2 | 7.0 |
| 1973 | 20,870,000 | 14.5 | 8.3 | 6.2 |
| 1974 | 21,170,000 | 14.2 | 8.0 | 6.2 |
| 1975 | 21,540,000 | 14.7 | 7.9 | 6.8 |
| 1976 | 21,940,000 | 14.7 | 7.7 | 7.0 |
| 1977 | 22,350,000 | 15.3 | 7.5 | 7.8 |
| 1978 | 22,840,000 | 15.3 | 7.6 | 7.7 |
| 1979 | 23,260,000 | 15.8 | 7.6 | 8.2 |
| 1980 | 23,670,000 | 16.4 | 7.6 | 8.8 |
| 1981 | 24,290,000 | 17.0 | 7.8 | 9.2 |
| 1982 | 24,820,000 | 17.1 | 7.5 | 9.6 |
| 1983 | 25,360,000 | 17.2 | 7.4 | 9.8 |
| 1984 | 25,840,000 | 16.9 | 7.4 | 9.5 |
| 1985 | 26,440,000 | 17.3 | 7.7 | 9.6 |
| 1986 | 27,100,000 | 17.8 | 7.4 | 10.4 |
| 1987 | 27,780,000 | 17.8 | 7.4 | 10.4 |
| 1988 | 28,460,000 | 18.2 | 7.5 | 10.7 |
| 1989 | 29,220,000 | 18.8 | 7.4 | 11.4 |
| 1990 | 29,960,000 | 19.9 | 7.1 | 12.8 |
| 1991 | 30,470,000 | 20.0 | 7.0 | 13.0 |
| 1992 | 30,970,000 | 19.8 | 7.0 | 12.8 |
| 1993 | 31,270,000 | 18.8 | 6.9 | 11.9 |
| 1994 | 31,480,000 | 18.4 | 7.1 | 11.3 |
| 1995 | 31,700,000 | 17.6 | 7.0 | 10.6 |
| 1996 | 32,020,000 | 17.0 | 7.0 | 10.0 |
| 1997 | 32,830,000 | 16.4 | 6.8 | 9.6 |
| 1998 | 32,990,000 | 15.9 | 6.9 | 9.0 |
| 1999 | 33,500,000 | 15.5 | 6.8 | 8.7 |
| 2000 | 33,990,000 | 15.5 | 6.7 | 8.8 |
| 2001 | 34,480,000 | 15.3 | 6.7 | 8.6 |
| 2002 | 34,870,000 | 15.1 | 6.7 | 8.4 |
| 2003 | 35,250,000 | 15.2 | 6.6 | 8.6 |
| 2004 | 35,570,000 | 15.1 | 6.7 | 8.4 |
| 2005 | 35,830,000 | 15.2 | 6.4 | 8.8 |
| 2006 | 36,020,000 | 15.3 | 6.6 | 8.7 |
| 2007 | 36,250,000 | 15.4 | 6.4 | 9.0 |
| 2008 | 36,600,000 | 15.4 | 6.4 | 9.0 |
| 2009 | 36,960,000 | 14.5 | 6.1 | 8.4 |
| 2010 | 37,350,000 | 13.8 | 6.2 | 7.6 |
| 2011 | 37,670,000 | 13.5 | 6.3 | 7.2 |
| 2012 | 38,020,000 | 13.1 | 6.3 | 6.8 |
| 2013 | 38,350,000 | 13.0 | 6.5 | 6.5 |
| 2014 | 38,700,000 | 12.9 | 6.3 | 6.6 |
| 2015 | 38,914,000 | 12.8 | 6.5 | 6.3 |
| 2016 | 39,128,000 | 12.5 | 6.6 | 5.9 |
| 2017 | 39,329,000 | 12.3 | 6.8 | 5.5 |
| 2018 | 39,476,000 | 11.7 | 6.9 | 4.8 |
| 2019 | 39,530,000 | 11.4 | 6.8 | 4.6 |
| 2020 | 39,542,000 | 11.1 | 7.1 | 4.0 |
| 2021 | 39,247,000 | 10.5 | 8.8 | 1.7 |
| 2022 | 39,146,000 | 10.8 | 8.1 | 2.7 |
| 2023 | 39,109,000 | 10.5 | 7.7 | 2.8 |
| Year | Average population |
Crude birth rate (per 1,000) |
Crude death rate (per 1,000) |
Natural change (per 1,000) |
| Ethnicity | 2013[88] | 2014[89] | 2015[90] | 2016[91] | 2017[92] | 2018[93] | 2019[94] | 2020[95] | 2021[96] | 2022[97] |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Non-Hispanic White | 143,531 (29.0%) | 144,318 (28.7%) | 141,592 (28.8%) | 132,780 (27.2%) | 127,822 (27.1%) | 123,139 (27.1%) | 121,076 (27.1%) | 115,543 (27.5%) | 115,845 (27.5%) | 110,370 (26.3%) |
| Asian | 76,424 (15.4%) | 84,224 (16.7%) | 80,269 (16.3%) | 73,843 (15.1%) | 72,049 (15.2%) | 68,444 (15.0%) | 67,754 (15.2%) | 58,543 (13.9%) | 55,777 (13.3%) | 56,915 (13.6%) |
| Black | 31,977 (6.5%) | 31,654 (6.3%) | 30,546 (6.2%) | 23,936 (4.9%) | 23,441 (5.0%) | 22,380 (4.9%) | 22,374 (5.0%) | 21,350 (5.1%) | 21,287 (5.1%) | 20,050 (4.8%) |
| Pacific Islander | ... | ... | ... | 1,851 (0.4%) | 1,809 (0.4%) | 1,732 (0.4%) | 1,711 (0.4%) | 1,617 (0.4%) | 1,619 (0.4%) | 1,601 (0.4%) |
| American Indian | 3,590 (0.7%) | 3,509 (0.7%) | 3,510 (0.7%) | 1,447 (0.3%) | 1,411 (0.3%) | 1,411 (0.3%) | 1,458 (0.3%) | 1,391 (0.3%) | 1,316 (0.3%) | 1,297 (0.3%) |
| Hispanic | 238,496 (48.2%) | 237,539 (47.2%) | 234,237 (47.6%) | 228,982 (46.8%) | 220,122 (46.7%) | 211,271 (46.4%) | 203,996 (45.7%) | 194,295 (46.2%) | 196,077 (46.6%) | 203,312 (48.5%) |
| Total California | 494,705 (100%) | 502,879 (100%) | 491,748 (100%) | 488,827 (100%) | 471,658 (100%) | 454,920 (100%) | 446,479 (100%) | 420,259 (100%) | 420,608 (100%) | 419,104 (100%) |
Note: Births in table do not add up, because Hispanics are counted both by their ethnicity and by their race, giving a higher overall number.
| Language | Percentage of population |
|---|---|
| Spanish | 28.46% |
| Chinese (including Cantonese and Mandarin) | 2.80% |
| Tagalog | 2.20% |
| Vietnamese | 1.43% |
| Korean | 1.08% |
| Armenian and Persian (tied) | 0.52% (each) |
| Japanese | 0.43% |
| Russian | 0.42% |
| Hindi and Arabic (tied) | 0.38% (each) |
| French | 0.36% |
As of 2010, 20,379,282 of California residents age 5 and older spoke English at home as a primary language, while 10,672,610 spoke Spanish, 1,231,425 Chinese (which includes Cantonese and Mandarin), 796,451 Tagalog, 559,932 Vietnamese, 367,523 Korean, 192,980 Armenian, and Persian was spoken as a main language by 203,770 of the population over the age of five. In total, 14,644,136 of California's population age 5 and older spoke a mother language other than English.[98]
Comparatively, according to the 2007 American Community Survey, 42.6 percent of California's population older than five spoke a language other than English at home, with 73 percent of those also speaking English well or very well, while 9.8 did not speak English at all.[99]
California had the highest concentration of Vietnamese or Chinese speakers in the United States, second highest concentration of Korean or Spanish speakers in the United States, and third highest concentration of Tagalog speakers in the United States.[99] California was historically one of the most linguistically diverse areas in the world, and is home to more than 70 indigenous languages derived from 64 root languages in 6 language families.[100][101] A survey conducted between 2007 and 2009 identified 23 different indigenous languages of Mexico that are spoken among California farmworkers.[102]
Over 200 languages are known to be spoken and read in California, with Spanish used as the state's "alternative" language. California has more than 100 indigenous languages, making California one of the most linguistically diverse areas in the world. All of California's indigenous languages are endangered as a direct result of the California genocide and generations of forced linguistic assimilation at American Indian boarding schools, although there are now tribal-led efforts toward language revitalization, mostly among nations with means to sustain formal language programs.[note 1]
The official language of California has been English since the passage of Proposition 63 in 1986.[103] However, many state, city, and local government agencies still continue to print official public documents in numerous languages.[104] For example, the California Department of Motor Vehicles offers the written exam for the standard C Class driver's license in 31 languages along with English, and the audio exam in 11 languages.[105] The politics of language is a major political issue in the state, especially in regard to language policy controlling the teaching and official use of immigrant languages.
As a result of the state's increasing diversity and migration from other areas across the country and around the globe, linguists began noticing a noteworthy set of emerging characteristics of spoken English in California since the late 20th century. This dialect, known as California English, has a vowel shift and several other phonological processes that are different from the dialects used in other regions of the country.[106]
California has the most Catholics in the United States, ahead of New York State, as well as large Protestant, non-religious, Jewish, and Muslim populations. It also has the largest Latter-day Saint population outside of Utah.[108] The state also has a large American Jewish community, the second-largest in the nation, as well as largest in the Western US, and third-largest in the world, mainly concentrated in Los Angeles, Beverly Hills, San Francisco, Oakland, Sacramento, and Palm Springs.[109]
California also has large Muslim communities in west Los Angeles, San Diego, Beverly Hills, Orange County, Santa Clara County, and the Modesto area.
Most Catholics in California are of Mexican, Central American, Irish, German, Italian, Vietnamese, Filipino, and Korean ancestry. The population of Catholic Californians is rapidly growing due to the influx of Latin American, Asian, African, and Middle Eastern Christian immigrants. In the Archdiocese of Los Angeles, Sunday Mass is celebrated in 42 different languages representing more than 30 ethnic groups from around the world.[110] The Catholic dioceses of Orange, Los Angeles and San Jose have the largest Catholic diaspora of Vietnamese Catholics in world outside of Vietnam, estimated to be about 250,000-300,000 Catholics out of a total Vietnamese California population of 1.3 Million.[111]
The largest Christian denominations in California in 2000 were the Catholic Church with 10,079,310; the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints with 529,575; and the Southern Baptist Convention with 471,119. Jewish congregations had 994,000 adherents, or 3% of the Californian population.[112]
Hinduism, Buddhism, Shintō, Sikhism, and Taoism were introduced in part by Asian immigrants. As the 20th century came to a close, forty percent of all Buddhists in America resided in Southern California. The Los Angeles metropolitan area has become unique in the Buddhist world as the only place where representative organizations of every major school of Buddhism can be found in a single urban center.[113][verification needed] The City of Ten Thousand Buddhas in Northern California and Hsi Lai Temple in Southern California are two of the largest Buddhist temples in the Western Hemisphere.
California has the highest Hindu population in the United States,[114] most of them Indian Americans.[115] Many of the prominent Hindu temples including the Malibu Hindu Temple are located in California.
With more than 1,232,000 Jews as of 2015, California has the highest number of Jews of any state except New York.[109] Many Jews live in the West Los Angeles and (esp. west) San Fernando Valley regions of Los Angeles.[116] Historic synagogues include Beth Jacob Congregation (Beverly Hills, California), Congregation B'nai Israel (Sacramento, California), and Temple Israel (Stockton, California). Chabad,[117] The Rohr Jewish Learning Institute,[118] and Aish HaTorah are active in California.
California also has the largest Muslim community in the United States, an estimated one percent of the population, mostly residing in Southern California. Approximately 100,000 Muslims reside in San Diego.[119]
California has more members of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints and Temples than any state except Utah.[120] Latter-day Saints (Mormons) have played important roles in the settlement of California throughout the state's history. For example, a group of a few hundred Latter-day Saint converts from the Northeastern United States and Europe arrived at what would become San Francisco in the 1840s aboard the ship Brooklyn, more than doubling the population of the small town. A group of Latter-day Saints also established the city of San Bernardino in Southern California in 1851.[108] According to the LDS Church 2014 statistics, 780,200 Latter-day Saints reside in the state of California, attending almost 1400 congregations statewide.[108]
The Seventh-day Adventist Church is headquartered in Loma Linda in San Bernardino county 60 miles east of Los Angeles, where the church members form the majority of the town's population. The SDA church there has a university, a free hospital and a TV station (3ABN or the 3 Angels Broadcasting Network). The town is known for a large number of centenarians.[121]
A Pew Research Center survey revealed, however, that California is less religious than the rest of the United States: 62% of Californians say they are "absolutely certain" of the belief "in God or a universal spirit", while in the nation 71% say so. The survey also revealed that 48% of Californians say religion is "very important", while the figure for the US in general is 56%.[122]
According to Pew Forum there are less than 1% Wiccans and other pagans in state with Central Valley Wicca and Reclaiming Wicca as key.[123]
California's income distribution is quite broad compared to the country's as a whole; its proportions of residents with no income and of residents with income over $100,000 are both higher than the national average. This broad distribution combined with high housing and living costs give California an abnormally high poverty rate. The Census Bureau's Supplemental Poverty Measure, calculated by comparing household income to a locally-adjusted poverty threshold, reports that 20.7% of California's population has income insufficient for their basic needs, as compared to 12.9% for the US as a whole.[124] This calculation of income includes the benefits of California welfare programs such as food stamps and earned income tax credits — without these, the state's poverty rate would be 28%.[125]
The trends of low income in California are complex; from 1975 to 2014, real (inflation-adjusted) incomes have alternated between rises and sharp declines. These incomes have decreased overall for those outside the top 20th percentile, with the bottom 20th percentile seeing an average decline of 1% per year during that period.[126][127] Correspondingly, the percent of Californians with income below their poverty threshold has risen and fallen, but has on average increased by a tenth of a percentage point per year.[128]
Increasing income inequality has had many effects on Californians' lives, including on life expectancy, which can be taken as a proxy for health or even general welfare. A study conducted by Clarke et al.[129] related life expectancy to socioeconomic status (SES, an index including income and other related factors), finding that Californians in the top 20% by SES live on average six years longer than those in the bottom 20% (81 years, compared to 75). This disparity becomes even more pronounced when intersected with race: White males in the top 20% live 14 years longer than African American males in the bottom 20% (for females, the difference is 10 years).[129]
The complexity of the state's low-income trends were visible when, in response to growing Chinese and Spanish-speaking populations, the city of Oakland implemented the nation's first policy of recruiting bilingual applicants for public-facing city jobs in 2001. This increased the employment of Hispanic and Chinese bilinguals throughout the public workforce, but also lowered (monolingual) Black employment.[130]
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