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For other uses, see Regionalliga Nord (disambiguation).

The Regionalliga Nord (English: Regional League North) is the fourth tier of the German football league system in the states of Lower Saxony, Schleswig-Holstein, Bremen and Hamburg. It is one of five leagues at this level, together with the Regionalliga Bayern, Regionalliga Nordost, Regionalliga Südwest and the Regionalliga West. Until the introduction of the 3. Liga in 2008 it was the third tier.

Quick Facts Organising body, Founded ...
Regionalliga Nord
Thumb
Organising bodyNorthern German Football Association
Founded1994 (reformed in 2012)
CountryGermany
States
Divisions1
Number of clubs18
Level on pyramidLevel 4
Promotion to3. Liga
Relegation to
Domestic cup(s)
International cup(s)UEFA Europa League (through DFB-Pokal win)
Current championsHannover 96 II
(2023–24)
Current: 2024–25 Regionalliga Nord
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From 1963 to 1974, a Regionalliga Nord existed as the second tier of the German football league system, but it is not related to the current Regionalliga.

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Overview

The Regionalliga Nord was introduced in 1994 along with three other Regionalligas, those being:

The reason for its introduction was to create a highest regional league for the north of Germany and to allow its champions, and some years the runners-up too, to be directly promoted to the 2nd Bundesliga. Prior to the introduction of the four Regionalligas, the leagues below the second division were the Oberligas, in which there was ten. Those ten Oberliga champions had to go through a promotion play-off rather than being directly promoted. The champions of the Regionalligas Nord and Nordost however had to play-off for a spot in the 2nd Bundesliga from 1996 to 2000. The winner of this contest was promoted, the loser faced the runners-ups of the Regionalligas Süd and West/Südwest for another spot in the second division.

The Regionalliga Nord was direct continuation of the Oberliga Nord, which was disbanded in 1994 in favour of the Regionalliga. Fourteen out of sixteen Oberliga Nord clubs qualified for the new league, only the bottom two teams were relegated to the two new Oberligas.

To replace the Oberliga Nord below the Regionalliga, two new leagues were formed, those being the Oberligas Niedersachsen/Bremen and Hamburg/Schleswig-Holstein. These two leagues were in turn disbanded in 2004 when the Oberliga Nord was reformed.

In 2001, Union Berlin of this league became only the second Regionalliga side to reach a German Cup final, losing 2−0 to Schalke 04.

With the league changes in Germany in 2008, the Oberliga Nord was again disbanded and the level below the Regionalliga Nord in this region were the five Verbandligas. This required a promotion play-off for this league winners as there were not five promotion spots available for their region. No changes were made in the NOFV region, where the two Oberligas Nord and Süd remained.

The following four teams were promoted to the Regionalliga from 2009:

  • NOFV-Oberliga Nord champions
  • NOFV-Oberliga Süd champions
  • Lower Saxony champions, being the winner of the home-and-away series of the champions of the Oberliga Niedersachsen-West and Ost; since 2010 that Oberliga is a single division
  • Winner of the promotion play-off for the champions of the Oberliga Hamburg, Bremen and Schleswig-Holstein, and the Oberliga Niedersachsen runners-up
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League history

Founding members

Thumb
Map of Germany: Position of the Regionalliga Nord (1994-2000) highlighted

The Regionalliga Nord was formed in 1994 with 18 clubs, fourteen from the Oberliga Nord and one each from the Verbandsligas of Niedersachsen, Bremen, Hamburg and Schleswig-Holstein.

The founding members were:

From the Oberliga Nord:

From the Verbandsliga Schleswig-Holstein:

From the Verbandsliga Hamburg:

From the Verbandsliga Bremen:

From the Verbandsliga Niedersachsen:

The "new" Regionalliga Nord was actually a reformation of the "old" Regionalliga Nord which operated from 1963 to 1974 in the same region but then as the second tier of German football. Unlike the "old" Regionalliga, the new one allowed reserve teams to compete in it.

Expansion of the league in 2000

Thumb
Map of Germany: Position of the Regionalliga Nord (2000-2008) highlighted

After six seasons, in 2000, the number of Regionalligas was reduced from four to two. Only the Regionalligas Süd and Nord survived. The clubs of the other two were spread according to their geographical location.

Only the teams placed two to six were permitted to remain in the league. The league champion, VfL Osnabrück, was promoted to the 2nd Bundesliga and all clubs from place seven to eighteen were relegated to the Verbandsligas. The league was expanded to nineteen teams and fourteen clubs from the 2nd Bundesliga, Regionalliga West/Südwest and Regionalliga Nordost were admitted.

Remaining in the Regionalliga Nord:

Relegated from the 2nd Bundesliga:

Admitted from the Regionalliga West/Südwest:

Admitted from the Regionalliga Nordost:

The league reform in 2008

Thumb
Map of Germany: Position of the Regionalliga Nord highlighted

With the introduction of the 3. Liga in 2008 and of a third Regionalliga, the Regionalliga West, the league became the fourth tier of German football.[1] The clubs from North Rhine-Westphalia left the league again and joined the new Regionalliga West.

The make up of the leagues was:

  • Winner and runners-up of the Regionalliga Nord qualified for the 2nd Bundesliga (unless they are reserve teams)
  • Clubs placed third to tenth went to the new 3. Liga (only the two best placed reserve teams were admitted)
  • Clubs placed eleventh to eighteen remained in the Regionalligas (clubs from North Rhine-Westphalia left for the Regionalliga West)
  • The five best teams from the Oberliga Nord joined the Regionalliga. The sixth placed team played-off with the five Verbandsliga winners from this region for one more place in the Regionalliga.
  • The three best teams from the NOFV-Oberliga Nord and Süd each and a play-off winner of the two fourth placed teams.

The following 18 teams fulfilled the various qualification criteria and were granted a license for play in the new Regionalliga Nord for the 2008-09 season.[2]

Remaining in the Regionalliga Nord:

From the Oberliga Nord:

From the NOFV-Oberliga Nord:

From the NOFV-Oberliga Süd:

The league reform in 2012

Thumb
The Regionalligas from 2012 onwards.

In October 2010, another reform of the Regionalligas expanded the number of leagues to five, with the Nordost clubs leaving the Regionalliga Nord to form their own Regionalliga Nordost once more. The new system came into operation in the 2012–13 season. It was also decided to limit the number of reserve teams per Regionalliga to seven.[3]

The league reform in 2019

As four teams were relegated from the 3. Liga at the end of the 2018–19 season, the champions of the Regionalliga Nordost, Regionalliga Südwest and Regionalliga West were promoted directly to the 3. Liga and the remaining two champions, VfL Wolfsburg II of the Regionalliga Nord and Bayern Munich II of the Regionalliga Bayern, played a two-legged promotion play-off for the last promotion spot,[4] which was won by Bayern Munich II. In 2020, the three direct promotion spots went to the champions of the Regionalliga Südwest, Regionalliga Nord and Regionalliga Bayern, while the Nordost and the West champions participated in the play-off. This format was installed initially as a temporary solution until the DFB-Bundestag in September 2019 decided on a format that could have enabled all Regionalliga champions to be promoted.[5] On that date, the Bundestag delegates voted to grant the Südwest and West champions two direct promotions indefinitely from 2021, with the third direct promotion place rotating between the Regionalliga Nord, Nordost and Bavarian champions. The representatives from the two remaining Regionalligen enter a two-legged play-offs to determine the fourth promotion place.[6]

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Winners and runners-up of the Regionalliga Nord

The winners and runners-up of the league:

More information Season, Winner ...
Season Winner Runner-up
1994–95 VfB Lübeck VfL Osnabrück
1995–96 VfB Oldenburg Eintracht Braunschweig
1996–97 Hannover 96 Eintracht Braunschweig
1997–98 Hannover 96 Eintracht Braunschweig
1998–99 VfL Osnabrück VfB Lübeck
1999–2000 VfL Osnabrück VfB Lübeck
2000–01 Union Berlin Babelsberg 03
2001–02 VfB Lübeck Eintracht Braunschweig
2002–03 Erzgebirge Aue VfL Osnabrück
2003–04 Rot-Weiß Essen Dynamo Dresden
2004–05 Eintracht Braunschweig SC Paderborn
2005–06 Rot-Weiß Essen Carl Zeiss Jena
2006–07 FC St Pauli VfL Osnabrück
2007–08 Rot-Weiß Ahlen Rot-Weiß Oberhausen
2008–09 Holstein Kiel Hallescher FC
2009–10 Babelsberg 03 VfL Wolfsburg II
2010–11 Chemnitzer FC VfL Wolfsburg II
2011–12 Hallescher FC Holstein Kiel
2012–13 Holstein Kiel TSV Havelse
2013–14 VfL Wolfsburg II Werder Bremen II
2014–15 Werder Bremen II VfL Wolfsburg II
2015–16 VfL Wolfsburg II VfB Oldenburg
2016–17 SV Meppen Weiche Flensburg
2017–18 Weiche Flensburg Hamburger SV II
2018–19 VfL Wolfsburg II VfB Lübeck
2019–20a VfB Lübeck VfL Wolfsburg II
2020–21b Not completed
2021–22 VfB Oldenburg Weiche Flensburg
2022–23 VfB Lübeck Hamburger SV II
2023–24 Hannover 96 II SV Meppen
Close

Source: "Regionalliga Nord". Das deutsche Fussball-Archiv. Retrieved 19 March 2008.

  • Promoted teams in bold.

a Season abandoned in June 2020, with final standings decided on a points-per-game basis.

b Season abandoned in April 2021 with Weiche Flensburg leading the north division and Werder Bremen II leading the south division. TSV Havelse were nominated for the promotion play-offs.

League statistics

The top goalscorers and attendance figures for the league are:

More information Season, Total attendance ...
Season Total
attendance		 Average
attendance		 Best supported club Average
attendance		 Top scorer[7] Goals
1994–95 492,629[8] 1,610 Eintracht Braunschweig 4,351 Christian Classen (SVW) 26
1995–96 438,798[9] 1,434 Eintracht Braunschweig 4,854 Hakan Cengiz (AD) 21
1996–97 587,484[10] 1,920 Hannover 96 9,789 Hakan Cengiz (VfLH) 28
1997–98 680,620[11] 2,224 Eintracht Braunschweig 9,181 Markus Erdmann (AH) 34
1998–99 642,357[12] 2,099 Eintracht Braunschweig 7,456 Daniel Bärwolf (VfB) 26
1999–2000 710,524[13] 2,322 VfL Osnabrück 9,347 Daniel Bärwolf (VfB)
Marinus Bester (LSK)		 25
2000–01 1,108,917[14] 3,242 Eintracht Braunschweig 9,993 Daniel Teixeira (1. FCU) 32
2001–02 1,152,064[15] 3,764 Eintracht Braunschweig 11,921 Veselin Gerov (SCP)
Daniel Teixeira (EB)		 19
2002–03 936,297[16] 3,060 Rot-Weiss Essen 9,482 Dmitrijus Guščinas (HK) 23
2003–04 1,472,089[17] 4,811 FC St. Pauli 17,335 Markus Feldhoff (KFC) 22
2004–05 1,547,950[18] 4,526 FC St. Pauli 16,144 Ahmet Kuru (EB) 24
2005–06 1,577,563[19] 4,613 FC St. Pauli 17,296 Thomas Reichenberger (VfL) 17
2006–07 1,823,720[20] 5,333 FC St. Pauli 16,775 Thomas Reichenberger (VfL)
Massimo Cannizzaro (HSV)		 17
2007–08 1,863,662[21] 5,449 Eintracht Braunschweig 14,889 Mahir Saglik (WSV) 27
2008–09 529,200[22] 1,729 1. FC Magdeburg 8,626 Wojciech Pollok (SVW) 22
2009–10 373,460[23] 1,220 1. FC Magdeburg 5,491 Daniel Frahn (SVB) 29
2010–11 447,721[24] 1,463 1. FC Magdeburg 4,586 Benjamin Förster (CFC) 25
2011–12 530,449[25] 1,733 RB Leipzig 7,401 Daniel Frahn (RBL) 26
2012–13 234,898[26] 816 Holstein Kiel 3,628 Rogier Krohne (BVC) 24
2013–14 184,493[27] 603 SV Meppen 1,825 Addy-Waku Menga (VfB)[28] 25
2014–15 220,635[29] 721 VfB Lübeck 1,723 Ahmet Arslan (HSV)[30] 19
2015–16 229,239[31] 726 VfB Oldenburg 2,201 Dino Međedović (WOL)[32] 23
2016–17 216,199[33] 707 SV Meppen 2,645 Benjamin Girth (MEP)[34] 20
2017–18 186,006[35] 606 VfB Lübeck 1,426 Törles Knöll (HSV)[36] 20
2018–19 187,623[37] 613 VfB Lübeck 2,152 Daniel Hanslik (WOL)[38] 19
2019–20 167,053[39] 792 VfB Lübeck 3,114 Ahmet Arslan (LÜB)[40] 16
2020–21 31,551[41][42] 322 VfB Oldenburg 688 Eren Dinkçi (WB2)[43] 7
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Placings in the Regionalliga Nord

Current extent of league

Final league positions for clubs from the region currently covered by the league:

More information Club ...
Club 95 96 97 98 99 00 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25
FC St. Pauli 2B B B 2B 2B 2B 2B B 2B 8 7 6 1 2B 2B 2B B 2B 2B 2B 2B 2B 2B 2B 2B 2B 2B 2B 2B 2B B
Holstein Kiel 11 18 14 8 13 13 12 9 4 15 1 3L 6 2 1 3L 3L 3L 3L 2B 2B 2B 2B 2B 2B 2B B
Hannover 96 2B 2B 1 1 2B 2B 2B 2B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B 2B B B 2B 2B 2B 2B 2B 2B
Eintracht Braunschweig 6 2 2 2 3 3 8 2 2B 6 1 2B 2B 10 3L 3L 3L 2B 2B B 2B 2B 2B 2B 3L 3L 2B 3L 2B 2B 2B
VfL Osnabrück 2 5 4 3 1 1 2B 7 2 2B 4 10 2 2B 2B 3L 2B 3L 3L 3L 3L 3L 3L 3L 3L 2B 2B 3L 3L 2B 3L
Hannover 96 II 6 8 9 6 4 11 14 12 11 8 6 12 6s 9 3 1 3L
VfB Lübeck 1 2B 2B 7 2 2 3 1 2B 2B 3 3 9 16 8 9 3 11 18i 7 7 4 4 2 1 3L 5 1 3L x
SV Meppen 2B 2B 2B 2B 11 11 12 11 4 8 5 1 3L 3L 3L 3L 3L 3L 2 x
1. FC Phönix Lübeck 4n 11 13 3 x
SV Drochtersen/Assel 4 9 12 5 4 3n 14 8 4 x
VfB Oldenburg 5 1 2B 5 9 18 10 3 10 2 8 13 9 8 4s 1 3L 5 x
Holstein Kiel II 10 7 9n 4 12 6 x
Hamburger SV II 14 6 5 14 15 16 14 9 6 13 6 17 13 5 8 8 14 14 3 14 5 2 7 14 7n 6 2 7 x
TSV Havelse 15 5 2 7 4 6 6 11 11 9 2s 3L 6 8 x
FC Teutonia Ottensen 5n 7 4 9 x
Blau-Weiß Lohne 9 10 x
Bremer SV 14 11 x
FC St. Pauli II 7 16 15 17 17 13 9 9 15 14 6 14 13 6n 16 7 12 x
Eintracht Norderstedt 13 7 16 12 12 10 6 11 7 9 13 5 2n 12 10 13 x
SSV Jeddeloh 7 12 15 5s 13 11 14 x
Weiche Flensburg 7 6 5 3 2 1 4 3 1n 2 5 15 x
Werder Bremen II 7 15 3 4 4 5 15 10 6 5 14 12 8 5 3L 3L 3L 3L 5 2 1 3L 3L 3L 3 6 1s 3 15 x
Kickers Emden 4 4 9 8 16 9 4 9 3L 19 x
SV Todesfelde x
Eimsbütteler TV 16
Kilia Kiel 17
SC Spelle-Venhaus 18
Schwarz-Weiß Rehden 9 8 11 8 16 15 8 10 3s 15 16
VfV 06 Hildesheim 10 15 16 10s 10 17
Atlas Delmenhorst (2012) 11s 8 18
Lüneburger SK Hansa 12 13 13 10 15 11 8n 17
Hannoverscher SC 18 10s 18
FC Altona 93 15 16 18 16 11n 19
FC Oberneuland 9 16 17 17i 20
Heider SV 17 10n 21
VfL Wolfsburg II 17 19 5 2 2 4 3 1 2 1 3 3 1 2 9sk
Germania Egestorf 10 5 16
VfL Oldenburg 17
Lupo Martini Wolfsburg 17 18
Eintracht Braunschweig II 16 13 13 9 12 14j
Eutin 08 17
SV Eichede 17 18
Goslarer SC 08 18 8 5 15 16
BV Cloppenburg 17 10 7 RL 12 12 16 17
TSV Schilksee 18
VfR Neumünster 18 6 15 17
FT Braunschweig 18
SV Wilhelmshaven 9 10 13 9 7 4 10b 19 11 14 13 13 16 16
SC Victoria Hamburg 15 18
Lüneburger SK 8 8 17 6 6 17
1. SC Göttingen 05 16 10 18 9
SV Arminia Hannover 6 13 10
Eintracht Nordhorn 10 5 13
TuS Celle 13 3 6 12 6 14
FC Bremerhaven 17 17
VfL Herzlake 3 9 8 15 17
Sportfreunde Ricklingen 11 13 18
VfL 93 Hamburg 12 16 11f
Atlas Delmenhorst (1973) 14 12 17
Concordia Hamburg 15 12 14
SV Lurup 10 11 18
TuS Hoisdorf 18
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Former extent of league

Final league positions for clubs from the regions formerly covered by the league:

More information Club ...
Club 95 96 97 98 99 00 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25
RB Leipzig ‡ 4 3 RL 3L 2B 2B B B B B B B B B B
Union Berlin ‡ RL RL RL RL RL RL 1 2B 2B 2B 19 12 4 3L 2B 2B 2B 2B 2B 2B 2B 2B 2B 2B B B B B B B
Fortuna Düsseldorf † 2B B B 2B 2B RL 16 17 8 5 10 3 3L 2B 2B 2B B 2B 2B 2B 2B 2B B B 2B 2B 2B 2B 2B
SC Paderborn † RL RL RL RL RL RL 14 8 3 2 2B 2B 2B 3L 2B 2B 2B 2B 2B B 2B 3L 3L 2B B 2B 2B 2B 2B 2B
1. FC Magdeburg ‡ RL RL RL 12a 3 11 4 6 12 18 RL RL RL 3L 3L 3L 2B 3L 3L 3L 2B 2B 2B
Preußen Münster † RL RL RL RL RL RL 5 15 12 13 11 15 RL RL RL 3L 3L 3L 3L 3L 3L 3L 3L 3L RL RL RL 3L 2B
Erzgebirge Aue ‡ RL RL RL RL RL RL 7 9 1 2B 2B 2B 2B 2B 3L 3L 2B 2B 2B 2B 2B 3L 2B 2B 2B 2B 2B 2B 3L 3L 3L
Dynamo Dresden ‡ B RL RL RL RL RL 7 2 2B 2B 7 8 3L 3L 3L 2B 2B 2B 3L 3L 2B 2B 2B 2B 3L 2B 3L 3L 3L
SC Verl † RL RL RL RL RL RL 6 11 15 18 RL RL RL RL RL RL RL RL RL RL RL RL 3L 3L 3L 3L 3L
Borussia Dortmund II † RL RL 18 5 10 16 14 13 RL 3L RL RL 3L 3L 3L RL RL RL RL RL RL 3L 3L 3L 3L
Rot-Weiß Essen † RL RL 2B RL RL 13 3 3 1 2B 1 2B 12 RL RL RL RL RL RL RL RL RL RL RL RL RL 3L 3L 3L
Hallescher FC ‡ 2 4 5 1 3L 3L 3L 3L 3L 3L 3L 3L 3L 3L 3L 3L RL
Carl Zeiss Jena ‡ RL 2B 2B 2B RL RL RL 2 2B 2B 3L 3L 3L 3L RL RL RL RL RL 3L 3L 3L RL RL RL RL RL
Chemnitzer FC ‡ 2B 2B RL RL RL 2B 2B 6 11 11 15 19 7 3 1 3L 3L 3L 3L 3L 3L 3L RL 3L RL RL RL RL RL
Fortuna Köln † 2B 2B 2B 2B 2B 2B 4 18 RL RL RL 3L 3L 3L 3L RL RL RL RL RL RL RL
Babelsberg 03 ‡ RL RL RL 2 2B 16 15 3 1 3L 3L 3L RL RL RL RL RL RL RL RL RL RL RL RL
Rot-Weiß Oberhausen † RL RL RL 2B 2B 2B 2B 2B 2B 2B 17 2 2B 2B 2B 3L RL RL RL RL RL RL RL RL RL RL RL RL RL
ZFC Meuselwitz ‡ 10 11 9 RL RL RL RL RL RL RL RL RL RL RL RL RL
Hertha BSC Berlin II ‡ RL RL RL 13 7 18 12 11 7 14 RL RL RL RL RL RL RL RL RL RL RL RL RL
Borussia Mönchengladbach II † 16 RL RL RL RL RL RL RL RL RL RL RL RL RL RL RL RL RL
1. FC Köln II † 9 14 12 18 RL RL RL RL RL RL RL RL RL RL RL RL RL RL RL RL RL
Wuppertaler SV † RL RL RL RL RL 4 5 8 5 6 3L 3L RL RL RL RL RL RL RL RL RL RL RL RL
FC Schalke 04 II † 16 RL RL RL RL RL RL RL RL RL RL RL RL RL RL RL
Rot-Weiß Erfurt ‡ RL RL RL RL RL RL RL RL RL RL 2B 14 11 7 3L 3L 3L 3L 3L 3L 3L 3L 3L 3L 3L RL RL RL RL
KFC Uerdingen † B B 2B 2B 2B RL 12 5 10 7 10e RL RL RL 3L 3L 3L RL RL
VFC Plauen ‡ RL RL RL RL 14 7 14 10 RL RL RL RL
Berliner AK 07 ‡ 7 RL RL RL RL RL RL RL RL RL RL RL RL
Rot-Weiß Ahlen † RL RL RL RL 2B 2B 2B 2B 2B 2B 13 1 2B 2B 3L RL RL RL RL RL RL
Germania Halberstadt ‡ 16 RL RL RL RL RL RL RL RL RL RL
Tennis Borussia Berlin ‡ RL RL RL RL 2B 2B 19 15g RL RL RL
SG Wattenscheid 09 † 2B 2B RL 2B 2B RL 11 4 4 15 16 RL RL RL RL RL RL RL RL
Bayer Leverkusen II † RL RL 8 17 11 17 RL RL RL RL RL RL
Energie Cottbus II ‡ 14 18 10 15 RL
Türkiyemspor Berlin ‡ 15c 13 18
Arminia Bielefeld II † 18 RL
Hansa Rostock II ‡ 10 12h
FC Sachsen Leipzig ‡ RL RL RL RL RL RL 14d 17 17
Dresdner SC ‡ RL RL 9 16 18
Close

Source: "Regionalliga Nord". Das deutsche Fussball-Archiv. Retrieved 11 December 2007.

Key

More information Symbol, Key ...
Symbol Key
B Bundesliga
2B 2. Bundesliga
3L 3. Liga
1 League champions
Place League
Blank Played at a league level below this league
n Northern section
s Southern section
RL Played in one of the other Regionalligas
† Denotes club from North Rhine-Westphalia which is not part of the league anymore after 2008.
‡ Denotes club from the northeast region which is not part of the league anymore after 2012.
Close

Notes

a In 2002, 1. FC Magdeburg were refused a licence for the Regionalliga.
b In 2001, SV Wilhelmshaven was refused a licence for the Regionalliga.
c In 2009, Türkiyemspor Berlin avoided relegation after Kickers Emden withdrew from the 3. Liga.
d In 2001, FC Sachsen Leipzig was refused a licence for the Regionalliga.
e In 2005, KFC Uerdingen was refused a licence for the Regionalliga.
f In 1998, VfL Hamburg 93 withdrew their team from the league.
g Tennis Borussia Berlin declared insolvency on 21 May 2010 and was automatically relegated.
h Hansa Rostock II withdrew from the league in 2010 for financial reasons.
i VfB Lübeck and FC Oberneuland declared insolvency in 2013 and were relegated from the league.
j Eintracht Braunschweig II was relegated to the Oberliga in 2018 following the first team's relegation from the 2. Bundesliga, sparing Schwarz-Weiß Rehden from relegation.
k In 2021, VfL Wolfsburg II withdrew their team from the league.

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References

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