Rafael Izquierdo y Gutiérrez

In this Spanish name, the first or paternal surname is Izquierdo and the second or maternal family name is Gutiérrez.

Rafael Gerónimo Cayetano Izquierdo y Gutiérrez^[4] (30 September 1820^{[lower-alpha 1]} – 9 November 1883)^[2][1] was a Spanish military officer, politician, and statesman. He served as Governor-General of the Philippines from 4 April 1871 to 8 January 1873. He was famous for his use of "Iron Fist" type of government, contradicting the liberal government of his predecessor, Carlos María de la Torre y Navacerrada. He was the governor-general during the 1872 Cavite mutiny which led to execution of 41 of the mutineers, including the Gomburza priests. Izquierdo also acted as Governor of Puerto Rico^[3] from February to April 1862.

Rafael Izquierdo y Gutiérrez
83rd Governor-General of the Philippines
In office 4 April 1871 – 8 January 1873
Monarch	Amadeo I
Preceded by	Carlos María de la Torre y Navacerrada
Succeeded by	Manuel MacCrohon (acting)
113th Governor of Puerto Rico
In office 17 February 1862 – 29 April 1862
Preceded by	Rafaél de Echagüe y Bermingham
Succeeded by	Félix María de Messina Iglesias
Personal details
Born	Rafael Gerónimo Cayetano Izquierdo y Gutiérrez (1820-09-30)30 September 1820[lower-alpha 1][2][3] Santander, Spanish Empire
Died	9 November 1883(1883-11-09) (aged 63)[1] Madrid, Spanish Empire

Early life

Izquierdo was born on 30 September 1820^{[lower-alpha 1]} in Santander, Spain, to Antonio Izquierdo del Monte and Antonia Gutiérrez de la Cámara. He was baptized Rafael Gerónimo Cayetano by Isidro Sánchez on the same day.^[2][1]

Entering as a cadet in the regiment of infantry of Gerona, Rafael Izquierdo reached the military rank of captain^[5][6] by the age of 17^[7] when he participated in the First Carlist War in Navarre.^{[citation needed]} At the start of the Second Carlist War which took place in Africa, Izquierdo was already a lieutenant colonel and at the end of the war brigadier general. He was then assigned to Lugo, Spain, as military governor in 1861. The following year he was assigned as lieutenant-general to Puerto Rico before becoming an interim governor-general when Rafael Echagüe y Bermingham vacated the position. Izquierdo then went back to Spain until in 1868 when he supported the revolution in Andalusia^[8] and was tasked as deputy for Malaga and Alicante^[9] in 1869 until 1871.

Philippine governorship

Priests Mariano Gómez, José Burgos, and Jacinto Zamora

Replacing General Carlos María de la Torre on 4 April 1871, Rafael Izquierdo^[10] was installed as Governor-General of the Philippines. He is responsible for the opening of steamship^[11] and telegraph lines in the country.

He was also known to have promptly rescinded the liberal^[12] measures, thus implementing harsher laws,^[4][13] which ignited an uprising.^[14] The reformation suggested that the soldiers of the Engineering and Artillery Corps should pay taxes, from which they were previously exempt. Another drastic change was the requirement to perform manual labor. These changes eventually led to the 1872 Cavite mutiny, in which around 200 soldiers of the Engineering and Artillery Corps revolted and killed their officers. In retaliation, many liberals were implicated in the involvement of the conspiracy. The Spanish military court^[15] condemned the martyred priests, Fathers Mariano Gomez, José Burgos, and Jacinto Zamora (GOMBURZA), to capital punishment by means of the garrote, on 17 February 1872. This uprising led to delays in rebuilding Malacañan Palace, and in turn almost transferred colonial governance back within the walls of Intramuros^[16] for security purposes. The plan to transfer the colonial government to Intramuros ended when Izquierdo fell ill and he stepped down from his position on 8 January 1873.

Rafael Izquierdo spent the remaining years of his life in Madrid, Spain, where he died in 1882.

See also

• Philippine revolts against Spain
• 1872 Cavite mutiny
• History of the Philippines (1521–1898)
• Freedom of religion in the Philippines

Notes

1. One source states September 24, 1820 as his date of birth.^[1]

References

1. Diccionario biográfico de parlamentarios de Andalucía, 1810-1869: H
2. Rafael Gerónimo Cayetano Izquierdo's Baptismal Register
3. "Governors". World’s Statesmen. Retrieved 2010-01-19.
4. Karnow, Stanley (1989). "Rafael de Izquierdo". In Our Image: America's Empire in the Philippines. Random House. ISBN 978-0394549750.
5. Guía de forasteros en Madrid para el año de 1861.
6. Emma Helen Blair, James Alexander Robertson: The Philippine Islands 1493-1898.
7. Duka, C.D. (2008). Struggle for Freedom' 2008 Ed. Rex Book Store. p. 106. ISBN 978-971-23-5045-0.
8. Gregorio de la Fuente Monge: Los revolucionarios de 1868: élites y poder en la España liberal.
9. Congreso de los Diputados de España: Archivo histórico de diputados.
10. "El movimiento propagandístico". Proyectos Saludas. Retrieved 2010-02-03.
11. "Governors of the Philippines during the Spanish colonial period". Zamboanga.com. Retrieved 2010-01-19.
12. "The Philippines as a Spanish Colony". Philippines-Archipelago. Retrieved 2010-01-19.
13. "Rafael A-Vicente". Trophort. Retrieved 2010-01-19.
14. Chandler, David P. In search of Southeast Asia: a modern history. University of Hawaii Press. ISBN 0-8248-1110-0.
15. "Nationalist Movement and Katipunan Rebellion 1834 - 1897". University of Alberta. Retrieved 2010-01-19.
16. "The Making of Malacañang". Archived from the original on 2009-01-25. Retrieved 2010-01-19.

Government offices
Preceded by Carlos María de la Torre	Governor-General of the Philippines 4 April 1871 – 8 January 1873	Succeeded by Manuel MacCrohon
Preceded by Rafael Echagüe y Bermingham [es]	Acting Governor of Puerto Rico March 1862 – April 1862	Succeeded by Félix María de Messina e Iglesias [es]