Nadahup languages

Not to be confused with Maku language.

The Nadahup languages, also known as Makú (Macú) or Vaupés–Japurá, form a small language family in Brazil, Colombia, and Venezuela. The name Makú is pejorative, being derived from an Arawakan word meaning "without speech". Nadahup is an acronym of the constituent languages.^[1]

Nadahup
Naduhup, Makú
Geographic distribution	Amazon
Linguistic classification	One of the world's primary language families
Subdivisions	Nadëb–Kuyawi Daw Hupda–Yuhup ? Kakua–Nukak
Language codes
Glottolog	nada1235

The Nadahup family should not be confused with several other languages which go by the name Makú. There are proposals linking this unclassified language with Nadahup, but also with other languages.

External relationships

Martins (2005: 342–370) groups the Arawakan and Nadahup languages together as part of a proposed Makúan-Arawakan (Nadahup-Arawakan) family,^[2] but this proposal has been rejected by Aikhenvald (2006: 237).^[3]

Epps and Bolaños (2017) accept the unity of the four Nadahup languages, but do not consider Puinave to be related.^[4]

Language contact

Jolkesky (2016) notes that there are lexical similarities with the Arawa, Guahibo, and Tupi language families due to contact.^[5] A discussion of lexical and phonological correspondences between the Nadahup (Vaupés-Japurá) and Tupi languages can be found in Jolkesky and Cabral (2011).^[6] Nadahup languages also have various loanwords from Tucanoan languages^[7] and Nheengatu.^[8]

Languages

Nadahup consists of about four languages, based on mutual intelligibility. Nadeb and Kuyawi, Hup and Yahup, and Nukak and Kakwa, however, share 90% of their vocabulary and are mutually intelligible, and so are separate languages only in a sociolinguistic sense. These four branches are not close: Although the family was first suggested in 1906, only 300 cognates have been found, which include pronouns but no other grammatical forms.

gloss	Nadëb	Hup	Dâw	Nïkâk
father	ʔɨb	ʔip	ʔiːp	ʔiːp (Kakwa ʔip)
egg	tɨb	tip	tɨp	tip (Kakwa)
water	mi	mĩh	mĩʔ	mah (Kakwa)
tooth	təɡᵑ (Kuyawi)	təɡᵑ	təɡ	—
house	—	mõj	mɔ͂j	mɨ͂

Nadëb may be the most divergent; of the other languages, there is disagreement on the placement of Nïkâk. Martins (1999) propose two classifications, pending further research:

Martins, proposal A

Nadahup	Nadëb (also known as Kaburi; plus Kuyawi dialect)  Vaupés  Nïkâk (also known as Nukak, plus dialect Kakwa) Dâw (also known as Kuri-Dou, pejorative Kamã) Hup (also known as Jupdá; plus dialect Yuhup/Yahup)

Martins, proposal B

Nadahup	Nadëb (with Kuyawi dialect)  Daw–Hup  Dâw Hup (with Yuhup dialect) Nïkâk (with Kakwa dialect)

However, Epps considers Hup and Yahup to be distinct languages, and maintains that the inclusion of the poorly attested Nukak and Kakwa has not been demonstrated and is in fact highly dubious:^[9]

Epps

Nadahup	Nadëb (with Kuyawi dialect)  Vaupés  Dâw Hup Yuhup

Jolkesky (2016)

Internal classification by Jolkesky (2016):^[5]

(† = extinct)

• Puinave-Nadahup
  • Nadahup
    • Nadëb
      • Nadëb do Rio Negro
      • Nadëb do Roçado
    • Hup-Dâw
      • Dâw
      • Hup
        • Hupda
        • Yuhup
  • Puinave-Kak
    • Puinave (Wãnsöhöt)
    • Kak
      • Kakwa
      • Nukak

This classification is also repeated in Nikulin (2019).^[10]

Typology

Dâw and Hup—especially Hup—have undergone grammatical restructuring under Tucano influence. They have lost prefixes but acquired suffixes from grammaticalized verb roots. They also have heavily monosyllabic roots, as can be seen by the reduction of Portuguese loan words to their stressed syllable, as in Dâw yẽl’ "money", from Portuguese dinheiro. Nadëb and Nïkâk, on the other hand, have polysyllabic roots. Nïkâk allows a single prefix per word, whereas Nadëb, which lies outside the Vaupés language area, is heavily prefixing and polysynthetic: Up to nine prefixes per word (which is highly unusual for the Amazon), with incorporation of nouns, prepositions, and adverbs.

Genetic relations

Rivet (from 1920), Kaufman (1994) and Pozzobon (1997) include Puinave within the family. However, many of the claimed cognate sets are spurious.^[11]

Henley, Mattéi-Müller and Reid (1996) present evidence that the Hodï language (also known as Yuwana) is related.

Puinavean forms part of a hypothetical Macro-Puinavean family along with the Arutani–Sape families and the Máku language.

Macro-Puinavean is included in Joseph Greenberg's larger Macro-Tucanoan stock, but this is universally rejected. Another spurious larger grouping is Morris Swadesh's Macro-Makú.

Vocabulary

Loukotka (1968) lists the following basic vocabulary items for the Macú languages.^[12]

gloss	Querarí	Puináve	Curicuriaí	Dóu	Tiquié	Húbde	Yehúbde	Papury	Marahan	Nadëb	Par. Boá-Boá
one	bignõũ	hätämad	méid	méẽ	taĩyába	aihúb		koop		sét hẽ	yavúratíb
two	txénõũ	kán	témid	tubm	mbeʔé	kognáb		powoːbe		pawóp hẽ	magchíg
three	bexkámänõũ	hepeyad	mtaʔneuáp	motuáb	móneguap	moraáb		manap		tamawoob hẽ	hayo
head	uaitíbn	a-huyád	nu	deu-nũ	nú	nu	nũ	nux		nuuh
tooth	mäú	mo-lóg	táki	deu-tógn	tágn	tagn	tagn	tang	yö-tog	tëg	yi-tog
woman	yádn	de	ai	aːĩa	áei	amáidn	aiyab	taei		ỹnh	maria
water	mã	éd	néx	noː	ndé	nde	nde	dex	nahöru	naëng	ugna
fire	tekéd	ndé	behaú	behoː	ndégnho	tegn	tegn	tenghon		tëëg hõõ	tahõ
tobacco	héb	xob	hót	hũúd	hót	hod	hud	hot	exuta	hũũt
jaguar	txamní	yotdam	yám	yampi	yám	ñaám	nyaam	yaam	awat	awad	duvád
tapir	híuibe	yap	táx	tax	dá		ta	ta	tógö	t'ëëng	taígn
house	me	mo	táup	tob	mõi	mói	móĩ	mooi	tob	tób	tóba

Proto-language

For a list of selected Proto-Eastern Makú reconstructions by Martins (2005),^[8] see the corresponding Portuguese article.

Bibliography

• Campbell, Lyle. (1997). American Indian languages: The historical linguistics of Native America. New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-509427-1.
• Greenberg, Joseph H. (1987). Language in the Americas. Stanford: Stanford University Press.
• Henley, Paul; Marie-Claude Mattéi-Müller and Howard Reid (1996): "Cultural and linguistic affinities of the foraging people of North Amazonia: a new perspective"; Antropológica 83: 3–37. Caracas.
• Kaufman, Terrence. (1990). Language history in South America: What we know and how to know more. In D. L. Payne (Ed.), Amazonian linguistics: Studies in lowland South American languages (pp. 13–67). Austin: University of Texas Press. ISBN 0-292-70414-3.
• Kaufman, Terrence. (1992) Guta
• Kaufman, Terrence. (1994). The native languages of South America. In C. Mosley & R. E. Asher (Eds.), Atlas of the world's languages (pp. 46–76). London: Routledge.
• Pozzobon, Jorge (1997). Langue, société et numération chez les Indiens Makú (Haut Rio Negro, Brésil). Journal de la Société de Américanistes de París 83: 159–172. París.
• Rivet, Paul and Constant Tastevin 1920: "Affinités du Makú et du Puinave"; Journal de la Société des Américanistes de París, n.s. t XII: 69–82. París.
• Rivet, Paul; P. P. Kok and C. Tastevin 1925: "Nouvele contributión a l'étude de la langue Makú; International Journal of American Linguistics, vol. 3, n. 24, p.p. 129–132. New York.

Lexicons

• Bolaños, K. (2010). Kakua phonology: first approach. University of Texas at Austin.
• Conduff, K. W. (2006). Diccionario situacional del idioma Nukak. Bogotá: Iglesia Cristiana Nuevos Horizontes.
• Erickson, T.; Erickson, C. G. (1993). Vocabulario Jupda-Español-Português. Santafé de Bogotá: Asociación Summer Institute of Linguistics.
• Maciel, I. (1991). Alguns aspectos fonológicos e morfológicos da língua Máku. Masters dissertation. Brasilia: Universidade de Brasília.
• Martins, V. (1999). Dicionário Nadëb Português / Português Nadëb. (Manuscript).
• Martins, V. (2005). Reconstrução Fonológica do Protomaku Oriental. Amsterdam: Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam. (Doctoral dissertation).
• Ramirez, H. (2006). A Língua dos Hupd'äh do Alto Rio Negro: dicionário e guia de conversação. São Paulo: Associação Saúde Sem Limites.
• Migliazza, E. C. (1965). Fonología Makú. Boletim do MPEG. Antropología, 25:1-17.
• Mattei-Müller, M. (n.d.). Vocabulario Comparativo Castellano-Kakwa Vaupes-Guaviare-Hodï. (Manuscript).

References

1. Epps. P. A Grammar of Hup. Mouton de Gruyter. 2008. ISBN 978-3-11-019588-0.
2. Martins, Valteir. 2005. Reconstruçâo fonológica do protomaku oriental. Utrecht: Landelijke Onderzoekschool Taalwetenschap.
3. Aikhenvald, Alexandra Y. 2006. Semantics and pragmatics of grammatical relations in the Vaupés linguistic area. In: Alexandra Y. Aikhenvald and R. M. W. Dixon (eds.), Grammars in Contact: A Cross-linguistics Typology, 237–266. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
4. Epps, Patience; Katherine Bolaños. Reconsidering the “Makú” Language Family of Northwest Amazonia. International Journal of American Linguistics, Chicago, v. 83, n. 3, 467–507, Jul. 2017.
5. Jolkesky, Marcelo Pinho De Valhery. 2016. Estudo arqueo-ecolinguístico das terras tropicais sul-americanas. Ph.D. dissertation, University of Brasília.
6. Jolkesky, Marcelo; Ana Suelly Arruda Câmara Cabral. 2011. Desvendando as relações entre Tupí e Vaupés-Japurá. Encontro Internacional: Arqueologia e Linguística Histórica das Línguas Indígenas Sul-Americanas. Brasília, 24-28 October 2011.
7. Epps, Patience. 2006. The Vaupes Melting Pot: Tucanoan Influence on Hup.
8. Martins, Valteir. 2005. Reconstrução Fonológica do Protomaku Oriental. LOT Dissertation Series. 104. Utrecht: LOT Netherlands Graduate School of Linguistics. (Doctoral dissertation, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam).
9. Patience Epps, The Vaupés Melting Pot: Tucanoan Influence on Hup. In Aikhenvald & Dixon, Grammars in contact: a cross-linguistic typology, 2006:130
10. Nikulin, Andrey V. 2019. The classification of the languages of the South American Lowlands: State-of-the-art and challenges / Классификация языков востока Южной Америки. Illič-Svityč (Nostratic) Seminar / Ностратический семинар, Higher School of Economics, October 17, 2019.
11. Patience Epps, 2008. A Grammar of Hup. Mouton de Gruyter.
12. Loukotka, Čestmír (1968). Classification of South American Indian languages. Los Angeles: UCLA Latin American Center.

External links

• Hup Vocabulary List (from the World Loanword Database)