Progenitor

Not to be confused with Progenitor cell.

This article is about the family term. For the fictional alien race, see The Conduit § Plot.

In genealogy, the progenitor (rarer: primogenitor; German: Stammvater or Ahnherr) is the – sometimes legendary – founder of a family, line of descent, clan or tribe, noble house, or ethnic group.^[1] Genealogy (commonly known as family history) understands a progenitor to be the earliest recorded ancestor of a consanguineous family group of descendants.

Progenitors are sometimes used to describe the status of a genealogical research project, or in order to compare the availability of genealogical data in different times and places. Often, progenitors are implied to be patrilineal. If a patrilineal dynasty is considered, each such dynasty has exactly one progenitor.

Aristocratic and dynastic families often look back to an ancestor who is seen as the founder and progenitor of their house (i.e. family line). Even the old Roman legal concept of agnates (Latin for "descendants") was based on the idea of the unbroken family line of a progenitor, but only includes male members of the family, whilst the women were referred to as "cognatic".

It is rarely possible to confirm biological parenthood in the case of ancient family lines (see bastardy). In addition, the progenitor is often a distant ancestor, only known as a result of oral tradition. Where people groups and communities rely solely on a patrilinear family line, their common ancestor often became the subject of a legend surrounding the origin of the family. By contrast, families and peoples with a matrilinear history trace themselves back to an original female progenitrix. Matrilinear rules of descent are found in about 200 of the 1300 known indigenous peoples and ethnic groups worldwide, whilst around 600 have patrilineal rules of descent (from father to son).^[2]

In the mythological beliefs of the Romans the god of war, Mars, was viewed as the progenitor of the Romans;^[3] which is why the Mars symbol (♂, a shield and spear), is used to refer to the male sex. Besides cities and countries, ethnic groups may also have a progenitor (often a god) in their mythologies, for example, the Hellenistic Greeks look back to Hellen as their progenitor. In Indian Hinduism Manu is the progenitor of all mankind. In the Abrahamic religions, Adam, Noah, Abraham and others are described as progenitors (see also Biblical patriarchy).

In archaeogenetics (archaeological genetics), a human Y-chromosomal Adam has been named as the most recent common ancestor from whom all currently living people are descended patrilinearly. This Adam lived in Africa at a time variously estimated from 60,000 to 338,000 years ago. And Mitochondrial Eve, the most recent common ancestor in the matrilineal line, is estimated to have lived from 100,000 to 230,000 years ago. (There being no suggestion that these, “Eve” and “Adam”, lived at nearby times or places. And there were many other common ancestors in other lines of descent.)

Examples of patrilineal progenitors

subject	dynasty	progenitor	date of progenitor's death
Queen Elizabeth II of the United Kingdom	Wettin	Dietrich I of Wettin	ca. 976
King Philippe of the Belgians	Wettin	Dietrich I of Wettin	ca. 976
King Hussein bin Ali	Hashemite	Ali	661
Emperor Naruhito of Japan	Imperial House of Japan	Keitai	10 March 531
Charlemagne	Carolingian	Bishop Arnulf of Metz	640
Queen Victoria of the United Kingdom	Este	Otbert I, Count Palatine of Italy	975
Queen Margrethe II of Denmark	Oldenburg	Elimar I, Count of Oldenburg	1112
King Harald V of Norway	Oldenburg	Elimar I, Count of Oldenburg	1112
King Charles III of the United Kingdom	Oldenburg	Elimar I, Count of Oldenburg	1112
King Felipe VI of Spain	Robertians/Capetians	Robert of Hesbaye	ca. 807
Grand Duke Henri of Luxembourg	Robertians/Capetians	Robert of Hesbaye	ca. 807
George William, Duke of Liegnitz and Brieg	Piast dynasty	Piast the Wheelwright	861
King Gediminas of Lithuania	Gediminas	Polemon II of Pontus	74

See also

• Protoplast, progenitors of mankind in a creation story
• Ancestor
• Ahnentafel
• Legendary progenitor
• Progenitor cell

References

1. Duden-Redaktion (January 19, 2013). "Stammmutter". Bibliographisches Institut, Berlin. Retrieved October 12, 2013. Stammvater, der: Mann als Begründer eines Stammes, einer Sippe. Ebenda: Ahnherr: "Stammvater eines Geschlechts".
2. J. Patrick Gray: Ethnographic Atlas Codebook. In: World Cultures. Vol. 10, No. 1, 1998, pp. 86-136, here p. 104: Table 43 Descent: Major Type (one of the few assessments of all 1,267 ethnic groups; pdf file; 2.4 MB; without page nos. Archived November 18, 2012, at the Wayback Machine): "584 Patrilineal […] 52 Duolateral […] 160 Matrilineal […] 45 Mixed". The Ethnographic Atlas by George P. Murdock Archived August 2, 2013, at the Wayback Machine contains data sets of 1,300 ethnic groups (as at December 2012 at InterSciWiki Archived January 31, 2013, at the Wayback Machine), of which often only samples were assessed.
3. Lexikoneintrag (2000–2013). "Mars (Mythologie)". wissen.de. Retrieved October 12, 2013. Mars […] as father of Romulus and Remus, progenitor of the Romans.