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The National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA), founded in 1906, is the major governing body for intercollegiate athletics in the United States and currently conducts national championships in its sponsored sports, except for the top level of football. Before the NCAA offered a championship for any particular sport, intercollegiate national championships in that sport were determined independently. Although the NCAA sometimes lists these historic championships in its official records, it has not awarded retroactive championship titles.
Prior to NCAA inception of a sport, intercollegiate championships were conducted and usually espoused in advance as competitions for the national championship. Many winners were recognized in contemporary newspapers and other publications as the "national intercollegiate" champions. These are not to be confused with the champions of early 20th-century single-sport alliances of northeastern U.S. colleges that were named "Intercollegiate League" or "Intercollegiate Association." These leagues generally included some of the colleges that later became the Ivy League, as well as an assortment of other northeastern universities.
Even after the NCAA began organizing national championships, some non-NCAA organizations conducted their own national championship tournaments, usually as a supplement to the NCAA events. A notable example is that of NCAA Division III men's volleyball. Although the NCAA Men's National Collegiate Volleyball Championship, established in 1970, was in theory open to D-III schools, none had received a berth in that tournament. As a result, a separate championship event, open only to D-III schools, was created in 1997. That event was discontinued after its 2011 edition once the NCAA announced it would sponsor an official Division III championship starting in 2012.
The historical championship event outcomes included in the primary list section were decided by actual games organized for the purpose of determining a champion on the field of play. Lists of other championships for collegiate athletic organizations are referenced in later sections (see Table of Contents). It does not include Helms Athletic Foundation or Premo-Porretta Power Poll selections, which were awarded retrospectively.[1][2]
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Inter-Collegiate Cross Country Association (1899–1907)
Inter-Collegiate Association of Amateur Athletes of America (1908–37)[49][50][51]
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Intercollegiate Fencing Association (1894–1943)
Team Foils
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Three-Weapon Championship
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† The first IFA three-weapon trophy was awarded in 1923. However, all three weapons (foil, épée, saber) were contested in the IFA tournament as early as 1920.[55]
The National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) has never conducted a national championship event at the highest level of college football, currently its Division I Football Bowl Subdivision (FBS). Neither has the NCAA ever officially endorsed an FBS national champion. Since 1978, it has held a championship playoff at the next lower level of college play. Prior to 1978, no divisions separated teams, and champions were independently designated by "selectors," composed of individuals and third-party organizations using experts, polls, and mathematical methods.[95] These efforts have continued and thrived for the higher FBS level. From the beginning, the selectors' choices have frequently been at odds with each other.[96] The NCAA has documented both contemporaneous and retroactive choices of several major national selectors in its official NCAA Football Records Book.[95] These selections are often claimed as championships by individual schools.
1897–1938
1924–79[118]
In the contemporary press, the type of competition utilized for this match was referred to as "shoulder-to-shoulder." This distinguished it from the "telegraphic" or "postal" form of competition.
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1909–22
Competition was held in telegraphic form using the indoor ranges of each competing school.
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1908 – ?
The indoor intercollegiate match was a single annual indoor match open to teams of any college. It was held in telegraphic form using the indoor ranges of each competing school.
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1905 – ?
Matches were initially held at Sea Girt, New Jersey; after several years Camp Perry, Ohio, became the perennial venue.
(This competition is not to be confused with the National ROTC outdoor rifle team championship for the William Randolph Hearst Team Trophy (first awarded circa 1922[160]), which was not open to all students.)
1921–53
Beginning in 1921, an intercollegiate winter sports championship was held annually at Lake Placid, New York, and involved colleges from the US and Canada. It combined events from downhill and slalom skiing, cross-country skiing, and ski jumping, as well as speed skating, figure skating, and snowshoeing in some years. The overall winning team received the President Harding Trophy. Prior to the 1940s, in end-of-year accounts of national sporting champions, major newspapers regarded the winning team at Lake Placid as intercollegiate champion.
In the late 1930s, a major annual "four-way" (downhill, slalom, jumping and cross-country) intercollegiate event began in Sun Valley, Idaho.[174][175] From the start it attracted not only college teams from the West, but also strong teams that traditionally participated in the Lake Placid meet, such as Dartmouth.[176][177] After interruption by World War II, it usurped the older event.
Newspaper coverage referred to the 1946 and 1947 Sun Valley winners (Utah and Middlebury, respectively) as national champions.[178] A few days earlier than the 1947 Sun Valley meet, a similar skiing competition was held in Aspen, Colorado, overlapping the start date of the Sun Valley event.[179] In 1948 and 1949, Aspen, rather than Sun Valley, hosted the national "four-way" intercollegiate ski championships.[180][181][182][183]
All of these competitions were held in the middle of the ski season rather than at the end. Then in 1950, an official annual post-season national championship event was established.[184] This event served to influence the NCAA to add skiing as a sponsored sport, with the first NCAA title event occurring in 1954.[185]
The Intercollegiate Ski Union (ISU), a conference of schools primarily in the Northeast, also conducted annual championship events for its members.[186] However, its geographic reach was more limited than the other competitions described.
Lake Placid, New York
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Sun Valley, Idaho
Aspen, Colorado
Post-Season National Championship
During the periods 1926–35 and 1946–58, annual champions were selected by collegiate soccer associations based on regular season records. All are considered unofficial. For the period of 1936–45, each year's outstanding teams claim unofficial national championships. See also Intercollegiate Soccer Football Association.
The Soccer Bowl[257] (played in 1950–52) attempted to settle the national championship on the field for the 1949, 1950 and 1951 seasons. The Soccer Bowl championship games were played in January, 1950; December, 1950; and February, 1952, respectively.
1883–1945[258]
Intercollegiate Tennis Association (1973– )
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Amateur Athletic Union (1918)
Intercollegiate Association of Amateur Athletes of America (1923–64)[259]
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Intercollegiate Association of Amateur Athletes of America (1876–1920)[50][263][264]
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* University of Chicago won the 1904 Olympic Games collegiate championship meet, defeating Princeton, Illinois, Michigan State and Colgate.[265]
† A contemporary source[266] states, as part of an "international athletic games" (similar to the Olympics) in Chicago on June 28 – July 6, 1913, "The national intercollegiate track and field meet was won by the University of Michigan," with Southern California second and Chicago third.
Until 1969, men's trampoline was one of the events that comprised the NCAA gymnastics championships. The NCAA continued to bestow a national title in trampoline for two years.[267][268][269] For several years, there was an annual membership vote on whether to remove it as an NCAA competition, resulting in removal by 1971.
Discontinued after 1970.
United States Volleyball Association (1949–69)[270]
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Molten Division III Men's Invitational Volleyball Championship Tournament (1997–2011)
This was a championship solely for NCAA Division III schools. It was discontinued after its 2011 edition when the NCAA announced it would organize an official Division III championship starting in 2012.
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See AIAW Champions for listings of pre-NCAA champions for most of the current NCAA women's sports.
See DGWS/AIAW Basketball Champions (1969–82)
The Amateur Athletic Union (AAU) has since 1926 conducted United States championship tournaments for women's amateur teams. On 28 occasions, small college teams (all from the central U.S.) have won the AAU women's basketball championship:[275]
United States Bowling Congress (formerly American Bowling Congress and Women's Intercollegiate Bowling Congress)[276]
Year and Champion | Year and Champion | Year and Champion | Year and Champion | Year and Champion | Year and Champion |
1975 Wichita State | 1984 Indiana State | 1993 William Paterson (NJ) | 2002 Morehead State | 2011 Maryland Eastern Shore | 2020 cancelled |
1976 San Jose State | 1985 West Texas State | 1994 Wichita State | 2003 Central Missouri State | 2012 Webber International | 2021 Wichita State |
1977 Wichita State | 1986 Wichita State | 1995 Nebraska | 2004 Pikeville (Kentucky) | 2013 Maryland Eastern Shore | 2022 Stephen F. Austin |
1978 Wichita State | 1987 West Texas State | 1996 West Texas State | 2005 Wichita State | 2014 Robert Morris-Illinois | 2023 |
1979 Penn State | 1988 West Texas State | 1997 Nebraska | 2006 Lindenwood (Missouri) | 2015 North Carolina A&T | 2024 |
1980 Erie Community College (NY) | 1989 Morehead State (Kentucky) | 1998 Morehead State | 2007 Wichita State | 2016 Webber International | 2025 |
1981 Arizona State | 1990 Wichita State | 1999 Nebraska | 2008 Pikeville | 2017 McKendree (Illinois) | 2026 |
1982 Erie Community College | 1991 Nebraska | 2000 Morehead State | 2009 Wichita State | 2018 Lindenwood | 2027 |
1983 West Texas State | 1992 West Texas State | 2001 Nebraska | 2010 Webber International (Florida) | 2019 Robert Morris–Illinois | 2028 |
The NCAA from 2004 has sponsored a women's team championship, apart from the USBC national championships. There were 80 schools in all divisions participating in NCAA bowling as of April, 2018.
Intercollegiate Women's Fencing Association (1929–63)
National Intercollegiate Women's Fencing Association (1964–79)[277]
Until 1974, schools from the states of New York and New Jersey won every foil team title.
Year | Foil Team | Year | Foil Team | Year | Foil Team |
1929 | New York University | 1946 | Hunter College | 1963 | Fairleigh Dickinson |
1930 | New York University | 1947 | Hunter College | 1964 | Paterson State College |
1931 | New York University | 1948 | Hunter College | 1965 | Paterson State College |
1932 | New York University | 1949 | New York University | 1966 | Paterson State College |
1933 | New York University | 1950 | New York University | 1967 | Cornell |
1934 | Brooklyn College | 1951 | New York University | 1968 | Cornell |
1935 | Hunter College | 1952 | Hunter College | 1969 | Cornell |
1936 | Hunter College | 1953 | Hunter College | 1970 | Hunter College |
1937 | Hunter College | 1954 | Elmira College | 1971 | New York University |
1938 | New York University | 1955 | Rochester Institute of Technology | 1972 | Cornell |
1939 | Hofstra University | 1956 | Paterson State College | 1973 | Cornell |
1940 | Hunter College | 1957 | Rochester Institute of Technology | 1974 | California State-Fullerton |
1941 | Brooklyn College | 1958 | Paterson State College | 1975 | San Jose State |
1942 | Jersey City State College | 1959 | Paterson State College | 1976 | San Jose State |
1943 | Jersey City State College | 1960 | Fairleigh Dickinson | 1977 | San Jose State |
1944 | Hunter College | 1961 | Paterson State College | 1978 | San Jose State |
1945 | Brooklyn College | 1962 | Paterson State College | 1979 | San Jose State |
AIAW 1980–82 (3 years). NCAA 1982–89 (8 years). NCAA (Coed) from 1990.
American Women's College Hockey Alliance
Year and Champion |
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1998 New Hampshire |
1999 Harvard |
2000 Minnesota |
National Rifle Association
Year and Champion | Year and Champion | Year and Champion | ||
192? unknown start date | 1928 George Washington[278] | 1934 Washington[66] | ||
1923 Washington[173] | 1929 ? | 1935 Carnegie Tech[67][279] | ||
1924 Washington[173] | 1930 ? | 1936 Carnegie Tech[279] | ||
1925 Washington[57] | 1931 ? | 1937 Carnegie Tech[279] | ||
1926 ? | 1932 Maryland[64] | 1938–46? 1947 Penn State[280] | ||
1927 George Washington[278][281] | 1933 Washington[65] | 1948–53? 1954 Monmouth (IL)[282] | ||
Pre-NCAA Coed Rifle: see above
The National Women's Rowing Association (NWRA) sponsored an annual open eights national championship from 1971 to 1979, among college and non-college teams. (There were no eights before 1971.) During this period, only in 1973 and 1975 did a college team win the national eights championship outright. According to US Rowing Association, contemporary news reports in 1976 and 1977 do not mention a national collegiate title.[283] Beginning in 1980, the NWRA sponsored the Women's Collegiate National Championship, including varsity eights. In 1986 the NWRA dissolved after recognizing US Rowing's assuming of responsibility as the national governing body for women's rowing.
NWRA Open National Championship, Eights top college finishers, 1971–1979 (champion in parentheses) :
NWRA / US Rowing Women's Collegiate National Championship, Varsity eights :
Year and Champion | Year and Champion | Year and Champion | Year and Champion | |||
1980 California[287][288] | 1985 Washington | 1989 Cornell | 1993 Princeton | |||
1981 Washington | 1986 Wisconsin | 1990 Princeton | 1994 Princeton | |||
1982 Washington * | 1987 Washington | 1991 Boston University | 1995 Princeton | |||
1983 Washington | 1988 Washington | 1992 Boston University | 1996 Brown | |||
1984 Washington | ||||||
* simultaneous AIAW championship, the only one conducted
Followed by NCAA from 1997, in which women currently compete in a Varsity 8, a Second Varsity 8, and a Varsity Four.
American Volleyball Coaches Association, Collegiate Nationals
Year | Champion |
2006 | multi-school pair |
2007 | Nebraska (two-person team) |
2008 | Texas (four pairs per team) |
2009 | USC (four pairs per team) |
2010 | Loyola Marymount (two-person team) |
2011 | multi-school pair |
2012 | Pepperdine |
2013 | Long Beach State |
2014 | Pepperdine |
2015 | USC |
Intercollegiate Tennis Association
Year | Champion | Year | Champion | Year | Champion | Year | Champion | |||
1988 | Florida | 1999 | Florida | 2010 | Northwestern | 2021 | North Carolina | |||
1989 | Stanford | 2000 | Stanford | 2011 | Stanford | 2022 | North Carolina | |||
1990 | Stanford | 2001 | Stanford | 2012 | UCLA | 2023 | ||||
1991 | Florida | 2002 | Georgia | 2013 | North Carolina | 2024 | ||||
1992 | Florida | 2003 | Duke | 2014 | Duke | 2025 | ||||
1993 | Stanford | 2004 | Stanford | 2015 | North Carolina | 2026 | ||||
1994 | Georgia | 2005 | Stanford | 2016 | California | 2027 | ||||
1995 | Georgia | 2006 | Stanford | 2017 | Florida | 2028 | ||||
1996 | Florida | 2007 | Georgia Tech | 2018 | North Carolina | 2029 | ||||
1997 | Florida | 2008 | Georgia Tech | 2019 | Georgia | 2030 | ||||
1998 | Stanford | 2009 | Northwestern | 2020 | North Carolina | 2031 | ||||
Women's National Collegiate and Scholastic Track Association
Telegraphic meets conducted during specified dates each May
Year | Champion[289]: 52, 56–58 |
1922 | ? |
1923 | Winthrop College |
1924 | Iowa |
1925 | Winthrop College |
1926 | Humboldt State College |
1927 | ? |
Amateur Athletic Union
The AAU conducted senior women's national track and field championships for all athletes, both indoors and outdoors, beginning in the 1920s. Two college teams won numerous championships in each sport against other clubs from throughout the country.
Tuskegee Institute won the AAU national title 14 times in 1937–1942 and 1944–1951. Tennessee State won national outdoors 13 times in 1955–1960, 1962, 1963, 1965–1967, 1969 and 1978.[289]
Amateur Athletic Union
Tuskegee Institute won the AAU national indoor championships four times in 1941, 1945, 1946 and 1948. Tennessee State won the national title 14 times in 1956–1960, 1962, 1965–1969 and 1978–1980.[289]
USA Water Polo[290]
Year and Champion | Year and Champion | Year and Champion |
1984 UC Davis | 1990 UC San Diego | 1996 UCLA |
1985 Stanford | 1991 UC San Diego | 1997 UCLA |
1986 UC San Diego | 1992 UC San Diego | 1998 UCLA |
1987 UC Santa Barbara | 1993 UC Davis | 1999 USC |
1988 UC Davis | 1994 UC San Diego | 2000 UCLA |
1989 UC Santa Barbara | 1995 Slippery Rock (PA) | |
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