Marie Joseph Pierre François Kœnig[b] or Koenig[4] (10 October 1898 – 2 September 1970) was a French general during World War II during which he commanded a Free French Brigade at the Battle of Bir Hakeim in North Africa in 1942. He started a political career after the war and was posthumously elevated to the dignity of Marshal of France in 1984.
Marie-Pierre Kœnig (Koenig) | |
|---|---|
 General Kœnig in 1944. | |
| Minister of the Armed Forces | |
| In office 23 February 1955 – 6 October 1955 | |
| Prime Minister | Edgar Faure |
| Preceded by | Maurice Bourgès-Maunoury |
| Succeeded by | Pierre Billotte |
| In office 19 June 1954 – 14 August 1954 | |
| Prime Minister | Pierre Mendès France |
| Preceded by | René Pleven |
| Succeeded by | Emmanuel Temple |
| Member of the National Assembly | |
| In office 5 July 1951 – 5 December 1958 | |
| Constituency | Bas-Rhin |
| Personal details | |
| Born | 10 October 1898 Caen, French Republic |
| Died | 2 September 1970 (aged 71) Neuilly-sur-Seine, French Republic |
| Resting place | Montmartre Cemetery |
| Nationality | French |
| Political party | RPF (1951–1955) RS (1956–1958) |
| Spouse |
Marie Klein (m. 1931) |
| Parents |
|
| Alma mater | Lycée Malherbe |
| Nickname | Mutin |
| Military service | |
| Allegiance |  Third Republic Free France Fourth Republic |
| Branch/service | French Army |
| Years of service | 1917–1951 |
| Rank | Army general[a] |
| Unit | List of units
|
| Commands | List of commands
|
| Battles/wars | |
Early life
Marie-Pierre Kœnig was born on 10 October 1898, in Caen, Calvados, France. His parents were from the Alsace region.
Military career
World War I
Kœnig fought in the French Army during World War I and served with distinction. He obtained his baccalaureate and enlisted in 1917. He served in the 36th Infantry Regiment. He was designated as an aspirant in February 1918 and joined his unit at the front. Decorated with the Médaille militaire, he was promoted to sous-lieutenant on 3 September 1918.
Interwar career
After the war, he served with French forces in Morocco and Cameroon. He served in Silesia as an assistant (French: adjoint) of Captain Adrien Henry in the Alps, in Germany, and in Morocco at the general staff headquarters of the division of Marrakesh.
World War II
Kœnig was a captain and assistant to Lieutenant-Colonel Raoul Magrin-Vernerey in the 13th Demi-Brigade of Foreign Legion of the French Foreign Legion.
When World War II broke out, Kœnig returned to France. In 1940, he was assigned as a captain with the French troops in Norway for which he was later awarded Norway's Krigskorset med Sverd, or the War Cross with Sword, in 1942. After the fall of France, he escaped to England from Brittany.
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In London, Kœnig joined General Charles de Gaulle and was promoted to colonel. He became chief of staff in the first divisions of the Free French Forces. In 1941, he served in the campaigns in Syria and Lebanon. He was later promoted to general and took command of the First French Brigade in Egypt. His unit of 3700 men held ground against five Axis divisions (c. 37,000 men) for 16 days at the Battle of Bir Hakeim until they were ordered to evacuate on 11 June 1942. De Gaulle said to Kœnig, "Know and tell your troops that all of France is watching you and that you are its pride."[5]
Later, Kœnig served as the Free French delegate to the Allied headquarters under General Dwight D. Eisenhower. In 1944, he was given command of the Free French who participated in the Invasion of Normandy. Kœnig also served as a military advisor to de Gaulle. In June 1944, he was given command of the French Forces of the Interior (FFI) to unify the various French Resistance groups under de Gaulle's control. Under his command, the FFI abandoned ranged battle in the maquis and preferred sabotage that was waged in support of the invading army. Important during D-Day, the FFI had a role that became decisive in the battle for Normandy and in the landing in Provence of the US Seventh Army and French Army B.
On 21 August 1944, de Gaulle appointed Kœnig military governor of Paris to restore law and order. In 1945, he was sent to arrest Marshal Philippe Pétain, who had taken refuge in Germany but gave himself up at the frontier with Switzerland.[6]
Cold War
After the war, Kœnig was the military governor of the French occupation zone in Germany from 1945 to 1949.[7] In 1949, he became inspector general in North Africa, and in 1950, he became the vice-president of the Supreme War Council.
Political career
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In 1951, after his retirement from the army, Kœnig was elected as Gaullist representative to the French National Assembly and briefly served as Minister of Defense under Pierre Mendès-France (1954) and Edgar Faure (1955).[8]
He gave his strong support to the new State of Israel as president of the Franco-Israeli Committee (Comité franco-israélien), at around the same time when he was France's Defense Minister, as shown from his informing his Israeli counterpart Shimon Peres that France was willing to sell Israel any weapons it wished to purchase, from small arms to tanks (such as the AMX-13 light tank).[8] Kœnig had witnessed the heroism of a battalion of Palestinian Jewish mine layers during the Battle of Bir Hakeim and afterwards allowed them to fly their own Star-of-David flag, against British regulations.[9]
Death
Kœnig died on 2 September 1970, in Neuilly-sur-Seine, and was buried at Montmartre Cemetery, in Paris.[8]
Legacy
There are streets named after Kœnig in Jerusalem,[10] Netanya[11] and Haifa.[12]
Military ranks
| Aspirant | Second lieutenant | Lieutenant | Captain | Battalion chief | Lieutenant colonel |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
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_OF-1a.svg){kind=small} |
_OF-1b.svg){kind=small} |
 |
 |
 |
| February 1918[8] | 3 September 1918[1] | 3 September 1920[2] | 25 June 1932[3] | 1 July 1940[8] | December 1940[8] |
| Colonel | Brigade general | Division general | Corps general | Army general | Marshal of France |
 |
 |
 |
 |
 |
 |
| January 1941[8] | July 1941[8] | 1943[8] | 28 June 1944[8] | 20 May 1946[13] | 6 June 1984[14] Posthumous |
Honours and decorations
National honours
| Ribbon bar | Honour[8] |
|---|---|
 |
Grand Cross of the National Order of the Legion of Honour |
 |
Companion of the National Order of Liberation |
Ministerial honours
| Ribbon bar | Honour[8] |
|---|---|
 |
Commander of the Order of Agricultural Merit |
Decorations and medals
| Ribbon bar | Honour[8] |
|---|---|
 |
Military medal |
 |
War Cross 1914–1918 (2 citations) |
 |
War Cross 1939–1945 (4 citations) |
 |
War Cross for foreign operational theatres (3 citations) |
 |
Resistance Medal with rosette |
 |
Colonial Medal with clasps "Maroc", "Sahara", "Libye", "Bir-Hakeim", "Tunisie 43-43" |
_ribbon.svg){kind=small} |
Combatant's Cross |
 |
Aeronautical Medal |
 |
Escapees' Medal |
 |
1914–1918 Inter-Allied Victory medal |
 |
1914–1918 Commemorative war medal |
 |
1939–1945 Commemorative war medal |
 |
Commemorative medal for voluntary service in Free France |
 |
Medal of French Gratitude |
Foreign honours
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See also
- Susan Travers
- Works by Jean Fréour: Sculptor of Kœnig memorial
References
External links
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