Mirandornithes

Mirandornithes^[4] (/mɪˌrændɔːrˈnɪθiːz/) is a clade that consists of flamingos and grebes. Many scholars use the term Phoenicopterimorphae for the superorder containing flamingoes and grebes.^[5][6]

Mirandornithes Temporal range: Early Miocene-Recent, 23–0 Ma[1] PreꞒ Ꞓ O S D C P T J K Pg N Possible an early origin based on molecular clock[2]
Greater flamingo (Phoenicopterus roseus) and great crested grebe (Podiceps cristatus)
Scientific classification
Domain:	Eukaryota
Kingdom:	Animalia
Phylum:	Chordata
Class:	Aves
Clade:	Neoaves
Clade:	Mirandornithes Sangster, 2005
Subclades
†Juncitarsus †Kashinia Podicipediformes Phoenicopteriformes
Synonyms[3]
Phoenicopteriformes Fürbringer, 1888 sensu Dickinson & Remsen, 2013 Phoenicopterimorphae Cracraft, 2013

Determining the relationships of both groups has been problematic. Flamingos had been placed with numerous branches within Neognathae, such as ducks and storks. The grebes had been placed with the loons. However more recent genomic studies have confirmed these two branches as sister groups.^{[6][7][8][9][10][11][12]}

Both primitive phoenicopteriformes and their closest relatives, the grebes, were highly aquatic.^[13] This indicates that the entire mirandornithe group evolved from aquatic, probably swimming ancestors.^[9]

Etymology

The term was coined by Sangster in 2005, in order to properly describe the new clade discovered with molecular analyses. It is inspired by the Latin miranda, meaning "wonderful", and the Greek ὄρνις (órnis), meaning bird.^[4]

Synapomorphies

According to Mayr (2004) and Sangster (2005) there are at least twelve distinct morphological synapomorphies that are unique to this clade:^[4]

1. "At least the fourth to seventh cervical vertebrae strongly elongate, with processus spinosus forming a marked ridge.
2. Humerus with a marked oval depression at insertion site of musculus scapulohumeralis cranialis.
3. At least 23 presacral vertebrae.
4. At least four thoracic vertebrae fused to a notarium.
5. Distal end of ulna with marked oval depression radialis.
6. Phalanx proximalis digiti majoris very elongate and narrow craniocaudally.
7. Distal rim of condylus medialis of tibiotarsus distinctly notched.
8. Pars acetabularis of musculus iliotibialis lateralis absent.
9. Pars caudalis of musculus caudofemoralis absent.
10. Wing with 12 primaries
11. Left arteria carotis reduced or absent.
12. Eggs covered with a chalky layer of amorphous calcium phosphate."

References

1. Švec, P. 1982. Two new species of diving birds from the lower Miocene of Czechoslovakia. Časopis pro mineralogii a geologii, 27, 243–260.
2. Kuhl., H.; Frankl-Vilches, C.; Bakker, A.; Mayr, G.; Nikolaus, G.; Boerno, S. T.; Klages, S.; Timmermann, B.; Gahr, M. (2020). "An unbiased molecular approach using 3'UTRs resolves the avian family-level tree of life". Molecular Biology and Evolution. 38: 108–127. doi:10.1093/molbev/msaa191. PMC 7783168. PMID 32781465.
3. Sangster, G.; Braun, E.L.; Johansson, U.S.; Kimball, R.T.; Mayr, G.; Suh, A. (2022). "Phylogenetic definitions for 25 higher-level clade names of birds". Avian Research. 13: 100027. Bibcode:2022AvRes..1300027S. doi:10.1016/j.avrs.2022.100027.
4. Sangster, G. (July 2005). "A name for the flamingo-grebe clade". Ibis. 147 (3): 612–615. doi:10.1111/j.1474-919x.2005.00432.x.
5. Joel Cracraft; et al. (12 December 2014). "Justifications of names for higher taxa". Science. 346 (6215): 1320–1331. Bibcode:2014Sci...346.1320J. doi:10.1126/science.1253451. hdl:10072/67425. PMC 4405904. PMID 25504713.
6. Jarvis, E.D.; et al. (12 December 2014). "Whole-genome analyses resolve early branches in the tree of life of modern birds". Science. 346 (6215): 1320–1331. Bibcode:2014Sci...346.1320J. doi:10.1126/science.1253451. PMC 4405904. PMID 25504713.
7. Tuinen, Van; Butvill, M.; Kirsch, D.B.; Hedges, S.B. (7 July 2001). "Convergence and divergence in the evolution of aquatic birds". Proc. R. Soc. B. 268 (1474): 1345–1350. doi:10.1098/rspb.2001.1679. PMC 1088747. PMID 11429133.
8. Chubb, A.L. (January 2004). "New nuclear evidence for the oldest divergence among neognath birds: The phylogenetic utility of ZENK (i)". Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 30 (1): 140–151. doi:10.1016/S1055-7903(03)00159-3. PMID 15022765.
9. Mayr, G. (February 2004). "Morphological evidence for sister group relationship between flamingos (Aves: Phoenicopteridae) and grebes (Podicipedidae)". Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society. 140 (2): 157–169. doi:10.1111/j.1096-3642.2003.00094.x.
10. Fain, M.G. Houde (November 2004). "Parallel radiations in the primary clades of birds". Evolution. 58 (11): 2558–2573. doi:10.1554/04-235. PMID 15612298. S2CID 1296408.
11. Ericson, J.I.; Anderson, P.G.P.; Britton, C.L.; Elzanowski, T.; Johansson, A.; Kllersj, U.S.; Ohlson, M.; Parsons, T.J. (22 December 2006). "Diversification of Neoaves: integration of molecular sequence data and fossils". Biology Letters. 2 (4): 543–547. doi:10.1098/rsbl.2006.0523. PMC 1834003. PMID 17148284.
12. Hackett, S.J.; et al. (27 June 2008). "A phylogenomic study of birds reveals their evolutionary history". Science. 320 (5884): 1763–1768. Bibcode:2008Sci...320.1763H. doi:10.1126/science.1157704. PMID 18583609. S2CID 6472805.
13. Mayr, G. (2014) The Eocene Juncitarsus – its phylogenetic position and significance for the evolution and higher-level affinities of flamingos and grebes. Comptes Rendus Palevol. 13(1):9-18. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.crpv.2013.07.005