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The term percent for art refers to a program, often a city ordinance, where a fee, usually some percentage of the project cost, is placed on large scale development projects in order to fund and install public art. The details of such programs vary from area to area. Percent for art programs are used to fund public art where private or specialized funding of public art is unavailable. Similar programs, such as "art in public places", attempt to achieve similar goals by requiring that public art be part of a project, yet they often allow developers to pay in-lieu fees to a public art fund as an alternative.
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Europe
In 1965, the government of Czechoslovakia adopted a resolution which ordered that 1-4 % of the budget of the entire building be dedicated to its artistic beautification in the form of permanent placement of works of art. Buildings with a lower budget had to set aside up to 4.2 % for art, buildings with a budget over 200,000 Czechoslovak crowns only 0.6 %. However, this volume was not final – the overall calculation of how much to allocate to art was subject to a more complex calculation that considered, for example, coefficients of social importance or the architectural complexity of the building.[1] The resolution entered into force at the beginning of 1966[2] and was valid until 1992. For example, from 1972 to 1989, this system secured over 16,500 works placed in architecture.[3] Since there was almost no private ownership in the years 1966 to 1989, the vast majority of art in architecture was placed within this resolution.
In Finland, the percent for art principle was first introduced as an official government policy in connection with the construction of the Finnish Parliament building in the early 1930s, though it was not implemented until 1939. In 1956 the government extended the principle to all public buildings, and during the 1960s individual municipalities also drew up their own schemes. In 1981 the Association of Finnish Local and Regional Authorities, an advocate for all Finnish municipalities and regions, recommended extending the principle to all aspects of the urban environment. In 1991 the City of Helsinki became the first city to adopt the policy for all building projects, which led to a vast growth in urban art, even within suburban areas. In 2015 the Finnish Ministry of Education and Culture funded a handbook available to the sponsors of public art work under the title "The Handbook of the Percent For Art Principle in Finland", which is also published in English.[4]
In France, one percent of the cost of all public works must be allocated to commissioning a work of art since 1951.
In Germany, in 2006, the federal government, as the building owner, issued updated guidelines for the implementation of federal buildings and formulated a fixed share of 0.5 to 1.5% of the construction costs, depending on the construction cost class.[5]
In Ireland, one percent of the cost of all public works can be allocated to commissioning a work of art. The scheme was introduced in 1978, and extended to all government departments in 1997.[6][7] Percent for Art is also promoted for construction and infrastructure projects in Northern Ireland.[8]
United States
From 1934 to 1943, the Section of Painting and Sculpture in the United States Department of the Treasury followed a policy requiring one percent of the cost of federal buildings to be applied toward art and decoration. In 1959, Philadelphia adopted the first such municipal ordinance in the United States.[9] Other jurisdictions followed suit, including Baltimore in 1964, San Francisco and Hawaii in 1967, and Seattle in 1973.[10][11][12]
More than half of the states now maintain percent-for-art programs.[13] On the federal level, since 1963 the General Services Administration has maintained the Art in Architecture Program, which allocates one-half of one percent of construction cost for art projects.[14]
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