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State peace officers From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
The office of the Pennsylvania State Constable is a municipally elected, sworn Law Enforcement Officer[4] throughout the U.S. state of Pennsylvania.[5]
| Pennsylvania State Constable | |
|---|---|
| |
| Type | Police Officer [1][2] |
| Status | Elected for 6 Years |
| Residence | District may cover a City, a Township, a Borough, or a Ward |
| Term length | 6 years |
| Constituting instrument | 44 Pa. C.S. § 71[3] |
| Formation | 1664 |
Pennsylvania State Constables are elected in each borough, township, and city ward in the state—except in Philadelphia (although constables may still exercise authority in the City of Philadelphia) —and serve six-year terms.[6][7] Constables may be appointed by the Court of Common Pleas of the county to serve out a term when an elected position becomes vacant.[3]
A Pennsylvania State Constable is a sworn peace officer and Article VI officer of Pennsylvania's constitution who is directly elected by and answerable to the voters of their borough, city, ward, or township.[8]
A court may summon a constable to appear before it and direct the constable to investigate a complaint of a violation of law.[9]
A constable is prospective employing law enforcement agency that shall conduct a thorough background investigation on any applicant for deputy constable.[10]
In the event of a vacancy, the court of common pleas of the county of the vacancy may appoint a constable.[11] The common pleas court may also inquire into the official conduct of the constable for failure to discharge official duties or other violations and suspend or remove the constable from judicial assignments.[12]
Constables are authorized by statute to perform judicial services for the judicial branch after being trained and certified by the Constables' Education and Training Program administered by The Pennsylvania Commission on Crime and Delinquency, but are not an officer of the judicial branch, only the executive branch.[13] Constables thus certified for judicial duty are empowered to serve civil and criminal complaints, summonses, and notices for the minor judiciary, levy personal property for public sale to satisfy judgments, execute orders of possession and ejectment, execute warrants of arrest, effectuate the payment of fines, take custody and convey defendants and incarcerated prisoners, and provide for courthouse security.
Constables are charged with keeping order at the election polls and ensuring that no qualified voter is obstructed from voting.[14] Constables are the only law enforcement officer permitted at the polls on election day, excepting those requested by the constable or judge of election for assistance. Constables are empowered to arrest without a warrant for felony crimes, offenses against any law for the protection of forests and timber land, any witnessed violation of any borough ordinance for which a fine or penalty is imposed, any unlawful act endangering personal security or property, and breaches of the peace committed in their presence, anywhere in the Commonwealth. Constables are "charged with conservation of the peace, and whose business it is to arrest those who have violated it... ."[15]
Constables may collect taxes under a warrant issued by the tax collector.[14]
Constables may execute an arrest warrant issued by a coroner.[16]
The office of constable gives ordinary persons extraordinary powers. The primary powers of the Pennsylvania State Constable and their deputies are established through common law[17] and Pennsylvania statues. The Pennsylvania Constable is a person elected to the public office of Constable. Constables by virtue of their office, are Public Officials, they are police officers.[18][19] Constables are the oldest law enforcement in the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania.
Title 44 of Act 49 of 2009.[20] This statute provides the authority to serve process for the Unified Judicial System of Pennsylvania, including serving summons, subpoenas, orders, judgment levies, and making arrests by warrant anywhere in the Commonwealth, make arrests without warrant for persons believed to be committing an offense against any law for the protection of forests and timberland and, in boroughs, make arrests without warrant for breaches of the peace committed in their presence. Additionally, where there is no coroner in commission in a county where a sheriff is a party to a suit instituted in a court of the Commonwealth, a constable may be directed by the courts to perform the authorized duties of the coroner.
They are also granted additional powers by various statutes. They may direct traffic, and seize registration plates and cards on behalf of the Pennsylvania Department of Transportation.[21][22] They may also seize and process any dog which is found running at large, and humanely kill any dog at large in a rabies quarantine area on behalf of the Pennsylvania Department of Agriculture.[23]
Following a recent Pennsylvania Superior Court ruling in the case of Commonwealth V. Allen, 206 A.3d 1123, 2019 Pa. Super. 88 (Pa. Super. Ct. 2019), the Court ruled that Constables have legal authority to detain individuals suspected of DUI offenses.
Constables are exempt from licensing for concealed carry of a firearm.[24] Although the right of individuals to bear arms in Pennsylvania in defense of themselves shall not be questioned[25] for judicial duties constables or their deputies must be certified and firearms qualified as required under Act 49, Title 44, Chapter 71 - Constables, 7148 - Use of Firearms.[26]
Constables are required to maintain the peace and to make any arrest for violation of the law, Also Constables are required by statute to maintain order at election polls and ensure that no qualified elector is obstructed from voting.[27] Constables are the only peace officers permitted at the polls on election day.[28]
A Pennsylvania State Constable may choose to exercise their ability to serve the judicial system, although, Constables are not entitled to any form of Judicial duties from any court system in the Commonwealth, Case citation added below, although they MAY be given work from District courts if that Constable again, chooses to exercise those privileges, duties including serving warrants of arrest, mental health warrants, transporting prisoners, service of summons, complaints and subpoenas, and enforcing protection from abuse orders as well as orders of eviction and judgment. They may only perform these judicial services once they complete training and receive certification from the PCCD. (see below). Swinehart v. McAndrews, No. 01 CV 2281 (E.D. Pa. Aug. 14, 2002)
Constables and Deputy Constables must complete basic training administered by the Pennsylvania Commission on Crime and Delinquency and receive certification before performing any judicial duties. Initial training consist of 120 hours.[29]
The initial basic training course consists of classroom instructions on the use of force, professional development, civil law, criminal law, prisoner transport, courtroom security, defensive tactics, use of OC spray and baton, mechanics of arrest, the role of the Constable, and crisis intervention. Completion of this mandatory course authorizes him or her to perform judicial duties. A separate basic firearms course consists of intensive classroom and range instruction. Successful completion of this course authorizes him or her to carry a firearm while performing judicial duties.
Each year, constables must complete a continuing education course to maintain their certification and an annual qualification course to maintain their firearms certification.
With the approval of the President Judge of the county in which the Constable is elected, each constable may appoint deputies to work under his authority. These deputies are granted the same authority and powers as the appointing Constable but serve at their pleasure.[30]
Additionally, a Constable may appoint "Election Day" deputy constables to their statutory to preserve the peace at all polling places. These deputies are granted limited authority and are appointed before each polling day.
Controversy over the role of elected constables in the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania has been raised by the print media, including the Associated Press.
One Associated Press series reviewed the constabulary's legal status and asserted that, as in many elected positions, (i) there are no minimum qualifications to hold the office, (ii) the system may be open for abuse, and (iii) that statewide changes had not been carried out on at least two occasions.[31][32][33][34]
Some of the incidents highlighted by the press include:
On December 30, 2008, Ronald Castille, the Chief Justice of the Pennsylvania Supreme Court told the Associated Press that the Court was studying implementing statewide regulations, including issuing a statewide constable handbook.[57] Castille further stated that the Supreme Court's minor rules committee was studying the Berks and Chester County Constable Handbook and would welcome input from judges across the Commonwealth in making a determination.
State Representative Tom Caltagirone, the former chairman of the Pennsylvania House Judiciary Committee, was working on possible reforms to the constable system. According to the Associated Press, Caltagirone met with the Pennsylvania State Constable Association and the Pennsylvania Fraternal Order of Constables to outline his reform proposal. However, no successful proposal was ever introduced.[57]
Castille ordered a study of the constabulary to get a better reign on the situation in the state. The result was the 2014 Joint State Government Committee Constable Study. In addition to providing a history of the constabulary and comparisons to other law enforcement entities, the 100-plus page review cited issues with the constabulary and offered ideas to fix them, including modification of Act 49 of 2009. The JSGC study was never acted upon during 2014 or 2015.
In 2014, the Pa Supreme Court implemented new Constable Rules of Court applicable to all constables. However, lacking a mechanism of enforcement and penalties for failure to follow, many counties and constables alike have chosen to ignore them. Some of the rules required constables to be uniformed when providing services, installing safety barriers in transport vehicles, among others.
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