Ulu scripts

The Ulu scripts, locally known as Surat Ulu ('upstream script')^[1][a] are a family of writing systems found in central and south Sumatra, in the regions of Kerinci, Bengkulu, Palembang and Lampung, Indonesia. They were used to write manuscripts in Sumatran languages and Malay. The Malay writing was gradually replaced by the Jawi script, a localized version of the Arabic script.^[2]

Ulu scripts
Examples of the Ulu family of scripts: Incung (top), Lampung (middle), and Rejang (bottom)
Script type	Abugida
Time period	c. 13th–present
Direction	Left-to-right
Region	Sumatra, Indonesia
Languages	Malay, Bengkulu, Kerinci, Lampung, Rejang, Serawai, and others
Related scripts
Parent systems	Proto-Sinaitic alphabet Phoenician alphabet Aramaic alphabet Brāhmī Pallava Old Kawi Ulu scripts
Sister systems	Balinese Batak Baybayin scripts Javanese Lontara Makasar Old Sundanese
Unicode
Unicode range	U+A930–U+A95F Rejang
This article contains phonetic transcriptions in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA). For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see Help:IPA. For the distinction between [ ], / / and ⟨ ⟩, see IPA § Brackets and transcription delimiters.

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Naming

The terms "surat" and "ulu" are the origin of the name Surat Ulu. While "ulu" ('upstream') refers to the highland region where the rivers in South Sumatra and Bengkulu originate (the Barisan Mountains), "Surat" refers to the script. The user community first referred to this script family as Surat Ulu.^{[3][4][5][b][c]}

The Rencong script (Dutch: Rèntjong-schrift) is another well-known naming system. "Rencong" is thought to be derived from the Old Malay word mèncong, which means oblique or italics.^[8][9] It could also be derived from the word runcing ('sharp'), as this script family was originally written with a sharp knife tip.^[10] Regardless of its origin, Western scholars frequently use this term to refer to this family of scripts.^[11][d]

The Kaganga script is another name coined by Mervyn A. Jaspan (1926-1975), an anthropologist at the University of Hull. He was probably not aware that most Brahmi script lineages use KA Ga and Nga as the first characters of the alphabetic order.^[12] The name "Kaganga" is derived from the first three letters of the Pāṇini sequence, which is used in the Brahmi (Indian) script family.^[11][3][e] This is equivalent to the word "alphabet," which is derived from the names of the first two letters of the Greek alphabet (Α-Β, alpha-beta), and the word "abjad," which is derived from the names of the first four letters of the Arabic alphabet (ا-ب-ج-د, alif-ba-jim-dal).

Several tribes have their own names in addition to the three mentioned above. For example, this script family is known as the surat ʁincung among the Pasemah ethnic group.^[14]

Materials

Rencong script was often written on tree bark, bamboo, horns and palmyra-palm leaves.^[15]

Disambiguation

The term "Rencong" is often confused with "Rejang", which refers to a specific Rencong alphabet that was used to write various dialects of the Rejang language and for writing Malay in the region.

Distribution

This map below shows the distribution of various Rencong alphabets in South Sumatra:

Map showing distribution of Rencong scripts.

Galleries

• 
  Detail of a Kerinci manuscript (KITLV Or. 239). The text reads (Voorhoeve's spelling): "haku manangis ma / njaru ka'u ka'u di / saru tijada da / tang [hitu hadik sa]", which is translated by Voorhoeve as: "I am weeping, calling you; though called, you do not come" (hitu adik sa- is the rest of 4th line).
• 
  Signboard of government office buildings in Kerinci Regency
• 
  Street sign in Kerinci Regency
• 
  SDN 1 Podomoro signboard, Pringsewu, Lampung
• 
  Gelumpai inscribed with the Rejang script

See also

• Rejang alphabet
• Lampung alphabet
• Komering script

Notes

1. The term Surat Ulu which refers to the Rencong or Ka-Ga-Nga script is found, among others, in the Mal. 6873, Mal 6874, Mal. 6884, Mal. 6877, and L.Or. 12.247 (Leiden University Library) manuscripts.^[1]
2. "Surat ulu is a local name and a common term for its supporting community to refer to scripts known as rencong or Ka-Ga-Nga by Western scholars. According to Jalil (from the village of Muara Timput) and Meruki (from the village of Ujung Padang), and Pidin (from the village of Napal Jungur), several informants called the Pallava-derived local scripts as Surat Ulu. Westenenk's notes (1922:95), published in TBG edition 61,^[6] demonstrate that the Surat Ulu term is a local term used by the community that supports the Ulu writing tradition."^[7]
3. "Old people in southern Sumatra frequently refer to the Lampung script as the Ulu script..."^[5]
4. Regarding the naming relationship between the Rencong script and Surat Ulu, L. C. Westenenk writes as follows:

   Toen ik dit eerste opstel schreef, wist ik n.l. niet, of de bij Europeanen gebruikelijke term "rèntjong-schrift" inderdaad ergens door Maleisch wordt gebezigd. Het is mij nu gebleken, dat dit in het landschap Rawas (Palembang) het geval is. Elders noemt men het gewonlijk: soerat oeloe = bovenlandsch schrift.[6]	When I wrote the first essay, I had no idea whether the term "rencong script" used by Europeans was also used by Malay. It has now become clear to me that this is the case in the Rawas (Palembang) landscape. Surat Ulu (upriver scripts) is another name for it.
   —Westenenk (1919)

5. According to Mohammad Noeh, these scripts are "referred to as the Ka Ga Nga writing, which is an ancient script system originating from India."^[13]

References

1. Sarwono & Rahayu 2014, pp. 2.
2. Sarwono & Rahayu 2014, pp. 5.
3. "Aksara Kaganga Bengkulu – Kantor Bahasa Provinsi Bengkulu" (in Indonesian). 26 January 2017. Retrieved 2021-11-10.
4. Sarwono & Rahayu 2014, pp. 4.
5. Pudjiastuti 1996, pp. 46.
6. Westenenk, L. C. (1919). Aanteekeningen omtrent het hoornopschrift van Loeboek Blimbing in de marga Sindang Bliti, onder-afdeeling Redjang, afdeeling Lebong, residentie Benkoelen. Weltevreden: Albrecht & Co. pp. 448–459.
7. Sarwono & Rahayu 2014, pp. 4–5.
8. "Carian Umum". prpm.dbp.gov.my. Retrieved 2021-11-10.
9. "Hasil Pencarian - KBBI Daring". kbbi.kemdikbud.go.id. Retrieved 2021-11-10.
10. Pitri, Nandia (2019). "Batik Incung dan Islam di Kerinci". Jurnal Islamika: Jurnal Ilmu-Ilmu Keislaman. 19 (2): 27–39. doi:10.32939/islamika.v19i02.450. S2CID 226806123.
11. Sarwono & Rahayu 2014, pp. 1.
12. M. A. Jaspan (1964). Folk literature of South Sumatra: Redjang Ka-Ga-Nga Texts. Internet Archive.
13. Pudjiastuti 1996, pp. 2.
14. Mahdi, Sutiono (2014). Aksara base besemah : pelajaghan mbace nga nulis urup ulu (surat ghincung). Dewi Saputri. Bandung. ISBN 978-602-9238-64-8. OCLC 906670726.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
15. Miller, Christopher. (2011). Indonesian and Philippine Scripts and extensions not yet encoded or proposed for encoding in Unicode as of version 6.0: A report for the Script Encoding Initiative.

Bibliographies

• Sarwono, Sarwit; Rahayu, Ngudining (2014). Pusat Penulisan dan Para Penulis Manuskrip Ulu di Bengkulu (PDF) (in Indonesian). Universitas Bengkulu: UNIB Press. ISBN 978-979-9431-85-1.
• Pudjiastuti, Titik (1996). Aksara dan Naskah Kuno Lampung Dalam Pandangan Masyarakat Lampung Kini (PDF) (in Indonesian). Jakarta: Proyek Pengkajian dan Pembinaan Nilai-nilai Budaya Pusat Direktorat Sejarah dan Nilai Tradisional Direktorat Jenderal Kebudayaan Departemen Pendidikan dan Kebudayaan.