Parabasalid

The parabasalids are a group of flagellated protists within the supergroup Excavata. Most of these eukaryotic organisms form a symbiotic relationship in animals. These include a variety of forms found in the intestines of termites^[2] and cockroaches, many of which have symbiotic bacteria that help them digest cellulose in woody plants. Other species within this supergroup are known parasites, and include human pathogens.^[3][4]

Parabasalid
Two trophozoites of Trichomonas vaginalis stained with Giemsa
Scientific classification
Domain:	Eukaryota
Phylum:	Metamonada
Subphylum:	Trichozoa
(unranked):	Parabasalia Honigberg 1973
Orders[1]
Trichomonadida Cristamonadida Spirotrichonymphida Trichonymphida

Characteristics

The flagella are arranged in one or more clusters near the anterior of the cell. Their basal bodies are linked to parabasal fibers that are associated with a prominent Golgi complex, together forming a parabasal apparatus distinctive to the group.^[5] Attachment of a parabasal fiber to the first Golgi cisterna by thin filaments has been reported in Tritrichomonas foetus.^[6] Usually they also give rise to a sheet of cross-like microtubules that runs down the center of the cell and in some cases projects past the end. This is called the axostyle, but is different in structure from the axostyles of oxymonads.^{[citation needed]}

Parabasalids are anaerobic, and lack mitochondria, but this is now known to be a result of secondary loss, and they contain small hydrogenosomes which apparently developed from reduced mitochondria.^[7] Similar relics have been found in other amitochondriate flagellates, and the parabasalids are probably related to them, forming a group called the metamonads. They lack the feeding grooves found in most others, but this is probably a secondary loss as well.^{[citation needed]}

Representation of a Parabasalid

1. Anterior flagellum
2. Recurrent flagellum
3. Undulating membrane
4. Basal bodies
5. Golgi apparatus; modifies proteins and sends them out of the cell
6. Nucleus
7. Costa, a striated fiber associated with the undulating membrane^[8]
8. Pelta, made of microtubules and creates cell structure^[8]
9. Parabasal fibre
10. Axostyle, may be involved in movement or support for the cell
11. Endoplasmic reticulum, the transport network for molecules going to specific parts of the cell
12. Vacuole
13. Hydrogenosome, produces molecular hydrogen and ATP (energy) in anaerobic conditions
14. Lysosome, holds enzymes

Classification

Before reclassification, the parabasalids were divided into about seven^[9] to 10 orders depending on sources. Present classification divides Parabasalia into four orders, that is, Trichonymphida, Spirotrichonymphida, Cristamonadida, and Trichomonadida. ^[1]

• The trichomonads have one group of 4–6 flagella, one of which is attached to the side of the cell and often forms an undulating membrane. Many are found in vertebrate hosts, including Trichomonas vaginalis, which causes a sexually transmitted disease in humans.
• The other orders, formerly grouped as the hypermastigids, have a large number of flagellar clusters and are found exclusively in the guts of insects. (The term "Hypermastigida" is still occasionally encountered.^[10])

Evolution

The parabasalid Trichomonas vaginalis is not known to undergo meiosis. However, Malik et al.^[11] examined T. vaginalis for the presence of 29 genes that function in meiosis and found 27 such genes, including eight genes specific to meiosis in model organisms. These findings suggested that the capability for meiosis, and hence sexual reproduction, was likely present in a recent parabasalid ancestor of T. vaginalis.^[11]