Panama Conference

The Panama Conference was a meeting of the foreign ministers (or equivalents) of all the sovereign nations in North and South America from 23 September to 3 October, 1939, shortly after the beginning of World War II. Its purpose was to establish a common policy for all these nations regarding the war, and in particular naval actions by the nations at war in waters near the Americas.

Preliminary map of the maritime security zone created by the Declaration of Panama, based on straight lines between points about 300 nautical miles offshore.

In attendance were the United States, Mexico, Guatemala, Honduras, El Salvador, Nicaragua, Costa Rica, Panama, Cuba, Haiti, Dominican Republic, Venezuela, Colombia, Ecuador, Peru, Brazil, Paraguay, Bolivia, Chile, Argentina, and Uruguay. Canada did not attend, being considered part of the British Empire and being at war with Germany.

The Conference was held in Panama City, Panama.^[1]

The attending countries jointly issued the Panama Declaration expressing the policies agreed to for maintaining their neutrality.

Background

US President Franklin D. Roosevelt had sought to increase US influence in Latin America by the "Good Neighbor policy" of non-interventionism. But he saw that Latin American nations might turn to fascism, so he worked to unite the region against fascist influence. He called for conferences, notably the 1936 Inter-American Conference for the Maintenance of Peace and the 1938 Peru Conference. Despite opposition by Chile and Argentina, the Peru Conference unofficially agreed on the Lima Declaration, which stipulated that any country in the Americas which considered Latin America to be threatened could call for a conference of foreign ministers.^[2]

Shortly after World War II began in Europe, Roosevelt called for a conference in Panama.^[2]

Conference

The participants divided themselves into three committees to discuss neutrality, the maintenance of peace in the area, and economic cooperation. At the end of its deliberations, the Conference issued the Panama Declaration, which expressed the policies agreed to. These were:

• Continued neutrality in the war of North and South American countries.
• Exclusion of submarines of the belligerent countries from ports in the Americas.
• Cessation of subversive activities by European governments within these countries.
• Establishment of the Pan-American Security Zone in waters within 300 nautical miles (560 km) on either side of the Americas, except for Canada and European colonies and possessions.
• Prohibition of belligerent naval activity in the Zone.
• Common procedures for internment of belligerent ships and personnel.^[3]

US citizens generally approved of the agreements reached at the conference.^[2]

See also

• Havana Conference (1940)
• Pan-American Security Zone

References

1. "Meetings of Consultation of Ministers of Foreign Affairs". Organization of American States. 20 October 2021. Retrieved 20 October 2021.
2. "First Meeting of Consultation of the Ministers of Foreign Affairs of the American Republics, Panama, 1939", Encyclopedia of U.S.-Latin American Relations, Washington, DC, United States: CQ Press, 2012, doi:10.4135/9781608717613.n320, ISBN 978-0-87289-762-5, retrieved 2021-03-20
3. Foreign Relations, 1939, Volume V (PDF) (Report). U.S. Department of State. 1939. p. 35-37. Retrieved 20 November 2018.

Further reading

• Pike, Fredrick B. (1995). FDR's Good Neighbor Policy : sixty years of generally gentle chaos. Austin : University of Texas Press. ISBN 978-0-292-76557-3.
• Callcott, Wilfrid Hardy (1968). The Western Hemisphere; its influence on United States policies to the end of World War II. Austin, University of Texas Press. ISBN 978-0-292-78390-4.
• Langley, Lester D. (1989). The United States and the Caribbean in the twentieth century. Athens : University of Georgia Press. ISBN 978-0-8203-1153-1.

External links

• Neutrality (Declaration of Panama), 3 October 1939