Ottoman–Persian Wars

For all conflicts between Turkic states and Persian states, see Turco-Persian Wars.

The Ottoman–Persian Wars also called the Ottoman–Iranian Wars were a series of wars between the Ottoman Empire and the Safavid, Afsharid, Zand, and Qajar dynasties of Iran (also known as Persia) through the 16th–19th centuries. The Ottomans consolidated their control of what is today Turkey in the 15th century, and gradually came into conflict with the emerging neighboring Iranian state, led by Ismail I of the Safavid dynasty. The two states were arch rivals, and were also divided by religious grounds, the Ottomans being staunchly Sunni and the Safavids being Shia. A series of military conflicts ensued for centuries during which the two empires competed for control over eastern Anatolia, the Caucasus, and Iraq.

Name of the war	Sultan of Ottoman Empire	Shah of Persian Empire	Treaty at the end of the war	Victorious Empire
War of 1505–1517	Selim I	Ismail I	None	Ottoman Empire
War of 1532–1555	Suleiman I	Tahmasp I	Treaty of Amasya (1555)	Ottoman Empire[1]
War of 1578–1590	Murad III	Mohammad Khodabanda, Abbas I	Treaty of Constantinople (1590)	Ottoman Empire
War of 1603–1612	Ahmed I	Abbas I	Treaty of Nasuh Pasha	Persian Empire
War of 1616–1618	Ahmed I, Mustafa I, Osman II	Abbas I	Treaty of Serav (1618)	Persian Empire
War of 1623–1639	Murad IV	Abbas I, Safi	Treaty of Zuhab (1639)	Ottoman Empire
War of 1730–1735	Mahmud I	Nader Shah	Treaty of Constantinople (1736)	Persian Empire
War of 1743–1746	Mahmud I	Nader Shah	Treaty of Kerden (1746)	Indecisive[2]
War of 1775–1776	Abdulhamid I	Karim Khan Zand	None	Persian Empire[3]
War of 1821–1823	Mahmud II	Fat′h-Ali Shah Qajar	Treaty of Erzurum (1823)	Indecisive

Ottoman–Persian Wars
Part of the Ottoman wars in Asia
Date 1514–1823 Location Mesopotamia (Iraq), Caucasus (North and South Caucasus) Result Indecisive Territorial changes Ottomans consolidated their power in Eastern Anatolia, Southeastern Anatolia and Mesopotamia (Iraq), Iran consolidates their power in the Caucasus
Belligerents
Safavid Iran Afsharid Iran Zand Iran Qajar Iran	Ottoman Empire

Among the numerous treaties, the Treaty of Zuhab of 1639 is usually considered as the most significant, as it fixed present Turkey–Iran and Iraq–Iran borders. In later treaties, there were frequent references to the Treaty of Zuhab.^{[citation needed]}

See also

• Ottoman–Safavid relations
• Habsburg–Persian alliance
• Franco-Ottoman alliance
• Ottoman–Hotaki War (1726–1727)
• Persian campaign (World War I)
• Russo-Persian Wars
• Russo-Turkish Wars