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Otto de Grandson[a] (c. 1238–1328), sometimes numbered Otto I to distinguish him from later members of his family with the same name, was the most prominent of the Savoyard knights in the service of King Edward I of England, to whom he was the closest personal friend and many of whose interests he shared. His misrule of the Channel Islands, particularly after he left England following Edward's death, prompted greater care of the English kings when considering provision of future life estates.
Otto de Grandson | |
|---|---|
Otto I de Grandson, detail from his effigy in Lausanne Cathedral | |
| Born | c. 1238 Lausanne, Savoy |
| Died | 1328 Aigle, Savoy |
| Allegiance | Kingdom of England |
| Service | Savoyard knights |
| Rank | Baron Grandison |
| Other work | Lord of the Isles (Channel Islands) |
The son of Pierre, lord of Grandson near Lausanne and Agnès de Neuchâtel. He was the elder brother of William de Grandison, 1st Baron Grandison and Henri de Grandson, both of whom would join him in England. As would his cousins Pierre de Champvent and Guillaume de Champvent.
The young Otto travelled to England probably in the company of Peter II of Savoy in 1252, certainly not later than 1265. There he entered the service of King Henry III and by 1267 was placed in the household of Prince Edward. In return for likely service for Prince Edward at the battles of Lewes and Evesham he was rewarded with property at Queenhithe in London. In 1268 both prince and servant were knighted and in 1271 the latter accompanied his lord on the Ninth Crusade, where he served at Acre that year. According to one source, it was Otto, not Eleanor of Castile, who sucked the poison from the wounded Edward after an attempted assassination. In 1272 Otto was appointed an executor in Acre.
Returning to England, he was a key household knight of King Edward I in his campaigns in Scotland and Wales, where he served as chief justiciar of Wales, based at Caernarfon Castle from 1284 to 1294. During the Welsh Wars of King Edward I Otto was very active diplomatically and militarily, beginning with the siege of Dolforwyn Castle in April 1277. On behalf of Edward, he concluded the Treaty of Aberconwy in November that brought the invasion of Wales in 1277 to an end. In 1278, he was appointed King's Lieutenant in the Duchy by Edward and sent to the Duchy of Gascony along with Robert Burnel. to reform the government. They appointed Jean I de Grailly as the new Seneschal and laid the foundations for the Treaty of Amiens sealed in 1279. He was also employed as a diplomat and gained contacts with most of the sovereigns of western Europe. During the second invasion of Wales in 1282–83 he narrowly escaped death at the battle of Moel-y-don before in April 1283 taking the town of Harlech at the head of 560 infantry. As a commander of the royal army that had begun the campaign from Anglesey he was amongst the first of Edward’s retinue to see the future castle sites at Caernarfon and Harlech. In 1283 he was briefly in the employ of Edmund Crouchback, the king's younger brother, for diplomatic work. It was said that no one could do the king's will better, including the king himself.
He was appointed lord of the Channel Islands[5][6] and in 1290 appointed a bailiff for Jersey and another for Guernsey, giving them civil powers to administer the islands.[7]: 21
King Edward I of England sent Otto to Acre in the Holy Land in 1290 along with some English knights.[8] At the time of the fall of Acre (1291), he was the master of the English knights in Palestine. At Acre he saved the life of fellow Savoyard Jean I de Grailly, with whom he had served Edward in Gascony earlier. As the city fell to the Muslims he commandeered Venetian ships filling them with fleeing troops and the wounded Jean I de Grailly, Otto was the last to join them on board.[9] There are conflicting accounts of Grandson’s conduct at Acre, but the only eyewitness account by the Templar of Tyre in his Gestes des Chiprois confirms:
“Then entered a great number of Saracen men on horseback, so much that Sir Jean de Grailly, and Sir Othon de Grandson, and the men of the King of France made great defence, so that there are assessed many wounded and dead; and Sir Jean de Grailly and Sir Othon de Grandson could no longer suffer the charge of the Saracens, and they departed from there and fled, and Sir Jean de Grailly was wounded.” [10]
It is this account which is rendered by the renowned crusade historian Steven Runciman:
“ On the eastern sector Jean de Grailly was wounded, but Othon de Grandson took control. He commandeered as many Venetian ships as he could find and placed Jean de Grailly and all soldiers he could rescue on board, and himself was the last to join them.”[11]
After the fall of the city he fled to Cyprus a poor man, but went on a subsequent pilgrimage to Jerusalem. In 1298 or 1299, Otto, Jacques de Molay of the Templars, and Guillaume de Villaret of the Hospitallers campaigned in Cilicia in order to fight off an invasion by the Mamluks.[12][13] In his La flor des estoires d'Orient, the Armenian monk Hayton of Corycus mentions his activity on the mainland in Cilicia in 1298–1299: "Otto de Grandison and the Masters of the Temple and of the Hospitallers as well as their convents, who were at that time [1298 or 1299] in these regions [Cilician Armenia] . . .".[14]
Otto has been hypothesised as the author of the Via ad Terram Sanctam, an Old French treatise on the recovery of the Holy Land. The hypothesis has been widely accepted,[15] but has its detractors.[16]
He was summoned to Parliament in 1299, which resulted in him becoming Baron Grandison. This title became extinct on his death.[17]
In 1294 Philip IV of France had confiscated Gascony from Edward I, leading to the Gascon War of 1294-1303. Following Grandson’s return to England from the Holy Land much of his time until the eventual peace of 1303 was taken up with diplomatic work at the French court and more often the Papal Curia in seeking a return of Gascony.
Amongst this diplomatic work was the need to build alliances for Edward against Philip, notably for Grandson the alliance he built with the nobles of the County of Burgundy who agreed in Brussels in the spring of 1297, to send five hundred cavalrymen to support the English in return for 60,000 livres in the first year of the war and 30,000 livres thereafter.[18]
In 1302 he was amongst the team of plenipotentiaries appointed by Edward I of England to negotiate the Treaty of Paris that returned the Duchy of Aquitaine to Edward.[19][20]
In 1307, on Edward's death, Otto left England permanently. He remained in the service of the crown for a while longer, however, for until 1317 he represented England at the Papal Curia. He also continued to have interests in England, for he was in correspondence with John Langton and Walter Reynolds and in 1277 he had been granted the Channel Islands as a lordship for life, along with other lands in England and Ireland, in reward for his service. In 1323 he visited the Channel Islands, where he had been ruling so poorly as an absentee that the king had been forced to name wardens to ensure their defense in times of hostility with France.[6] He went with a bodyguard of twenty crossbowmen. He also made religious foundations from his great wealth, probably accumulated as reward for his work, and for these he obtained privileges and priories from the popes through his embassies. He was a benefactor of Vale Royal, an Edwardian foundation, and of Saint Jean de Grandson, where he increased the number of monks after 1288. He founded a Franciscan friary in 1289 and a Carthusian monastery at La Lance in 1317.
At the end of his life he returned to Grandson, which he had inherited from his father and to which he had made recurrent visits throughout his adult life. He never married and was succeeded by his nephew. He had advanced many of his relatives through his embassies, especially in the church. Three of his relatives served as Bishops of Lausanne and another nephew, John Grandisson, succeeded to the Diocese of Exeter. In the spring of 1328, the ninety-year-old knight set out tor one last trip to Rome. Close to Aigle, he was taken ill. On 5 April 1328, he died.[21][22][23] Upon news of his demise, his tenants in the Channel Islands gave thanks for his death and future kings of England exercised greater care in future provisions of life estates to avoid repetition of his example.[6]
A vidimus (attested copy) of his last will and testament gave details of his funeral wishes.
“I choose burial in the cathedral church of B[lessed]. Mary [Lausanne]. Also I will and order that when my body shall be carried to the church to be laid thereupon, two men armed with my arms, and each carrying my banner with the same arms, shall precede my body on two horses, each of which shall be worth 100 livres Lausanneois, and let one of the horses be covered with my arms and the other with iron [carapace], and let the said horses be offered [with] the aforesaid arms and coverings to the aforesaid church of Lausanne, who as rightful ambassadors shall remain for the remission of my sins. . . I give and bequeath to the church of Lausanne all my ornaments, clothing and silverware which are now deposited there, with the exception of a small gold cross and a statue of the B[lessed]. Mary.”[24]
His nephew Pierre II de Grandson succeeded him as the Lord of Grandson.
We must begin by saying there is no evidence that Grandson was a member of the Templar Order. However he was a close ally of the order. At some point, the date is unclear, he was in receipt of a yearly payment from the Templars of 2,000 Livres Tournois. This equates to around £350,000 per annum in today’s money. The payments are thought to relate to the Fall of Acre in 1291 and the subsequent election of Jacques de Molay as Grand Master of the Knights Templar on Cyprus in 1292. We know of the payments because Grandson petitioned Pope Clement V upon suppression of the order in 1308.[25] Clement granted Grandson the revenue of three former Templar commanderies in Burgundy, including Epailly. These former Knights Templar commanderies continued to provide the enormous income formerly provided by the Templars until Grandson’s death in 1328.
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