Orléans Cathedral

Orléans Cathedral (French: Basilique Cathédrale Sainte-Croix d'Orléans)^[1] is a Roman Catholic cathedral located in the city of Orléans, France. The cathedral is the seat of the Bishop of Orléans. Built on the ruins of a Roman temple from 1278 to 1329, the cathedral was partially destroyed in 1568 by the Huguenots during the French Wars of Religion and rebuilt in a Gothic style between 1601 and 1829.^[2] During the Siege of Orléans, the cathedral was visited frequently by Joan of Arc.^[3][4] The structure stands as one of the largest and last built cathedrals in France and has been listed as a national historic monument since 1862.^[5]

Cathedral of the Holy Cross of Orléans Cathédrale Sainte-Croix d'Orléans
Orléans Cathedral
Location	Orléans, France
Denomination	Roman Catholic Church
Churchmanship	Roman
History
Status	Cathedral
Architecture
Functional status	Active
Style	Gothic, Gothic Revival
Groundbreaking	1601 (1601)
Completed	1829 (1829)
Specifications
Nave length	140 m (459 ft 4 in)
Nave width	40 m (131 ft 3 in)
Height	88 m (288 ft 9 in)
Nave height	16 m (52 ft 6 in)
Materials	Stone
Bells	10
Administration
Province	Diocese of Orléans
Monument historique
Official name	Cathédrale Sainte-Croix d'Orléans
Type	Classé
Designated	1862
Reference no.	PA00098836

History

First Cathedral

The earliest known account of the construction of a cathedral in Orléans was in 330 AD, in which was then still called Aurelianum to Saint Euverte of Orléans, a 4th-century Roman bishop. However archaeological evidence suggests that the site may have been the location of an even older Roman pagan temple dating to the 1st century. After the spread of Christianity throughout the Roman Empire, a basilica replaced the older church, and it was said that the church contained a morsel of the True Cross that had been discovered in Jerusalem by Saint Helen. The cathedral was not directly impacted by the invasion of Gaul by Atilla the Hun in 451 and later the fall of Rome itself, and despite looting by Normans in 865, the structure was revamped and extended. By this time, the cathedral had grown large enough to hold the coronations of kings, including Charles the Bald in 848, and King Odo in 888.^[6]

After the destruction of most of the city including the cathedral by fire in 989, Hugh Capet and his son Robert the Pious, saw to it that Bishop Arnoul I had sufficient funds to rebuild a new cathedral.^[7] The structure was completed in 1000 and was constructed in the Romanesque style. The structure was extended with the addition of two towers in 1108 and became the largest of its kind in France, the same year Louis VI of France was crowned in the cathedral.^[8] At the same time as Robert the Pious was rebuilding the nearby Church of Saint-Aignan, a new choir was installed in the same early Romanesque style featuring an ambulatory and three radiating chapels, and stood as the only vaulted section of the Romanesque cathedral.^[9]Starting in the 11th century, the cathedral became a stopover site for Christians on the pilgrimage to Santiago de Compostela.

Second & Current Cathedral

By the late 13th century, structural failures stemming from instability due to the size of the cathedral on weak grounds led to two partial vault and exterior collapses, and a complete reconstruction was later ordered by Robert de Courtenay.^[10] Forced to accompany King Louis IX on the Crusades however, he left the building to his successor, Gilles Pasté, who laid the foundation stone on September 11, 1288. The old towers of the facade were kept but the rest of the building was constructed on a higher level than the previous Romanesque church and extended out much further on all four sides. However, instead of the old Romanesque style, the cathedral was constructed in the Rayonnant Gothic style, similar to Notre-Dame de Paris and Amiens Cathedral. During the Siege of Orléans by English forces in 1429, Joan of Arc visited and prayed in the cathedral while in the city to lift the siege. After the Hundred Years' War, work resumed and the cathedral was finished in 1530, 243 years after the start of construction. During the Wars of Religion, the cathedral was looted in 1562, at the same time as other churches in Orléans, and in 1568, the building was partially destroyed by Protestant Huguenots, who destroyed the medieval steeple and arches.^[11]

After the signing of the Edict of Nantes in 1598, Henry IV of France ordered a rebuilding project completely restoring the cathedral, and construction promptly started in 1601, with the first stone being laid by Henri IV and Maria de Medici. Most of the structure was rebuilt similarly to its predecessor, however, notable additions added included the addition of flying buttresses, vaults to the transept, and the replacement of the old Gothic facades with a mix of Italian Gothic and Classical styles. In addition to this, the demolition of the main entrance marked the removal of the last remaining part of the original roman cathedral. In the late 18th century the original Romanesque towers of the facade were replaced by the more imposing towers seen today, and the main bell tower above the transept crossing was replaced by a slender steeple in the Gothic style. The cathedral was consecrated by Charles X in 1829, nearly 600 years after its initial completion, and despite functioning as a gothic cathedral, Orleans Cathedral was designated as a basilica by Pope Pius IX. Unlike other cathedrals around France at the time, cathedral suffered little damage during World War I but sustained severe damage during World War II, first by artillery from German forces during the Battle of France, then by Allied bombings towards the end of the war. However, extensive restoration work was initiated after the war, and still continues today.

Design & Architecture

Organ

organ inside the cathedral

Orléans Cathedral has two organs: a large Grand Organ above the entrance and a smaller Choir Organ. Both organs have been classified as national monuments and have been continuously restored since installation. Installed in 1880, the large organ above the entrance is one of few large Cavaillé-Coll organs in France that have not had any major additions, alterations, or redesigns. The grand organ was established as a historical monument in 1973 following a report from Marie-Claire Alain, where it was described as "a perfect authentic example of the works of Cavaillé-Coll".^[12] The much smaller chancel organ was also built by Cavaillé-Coll in 1846 and rebuilt in 1996.

Facade and Towers

The west façade of the Cathedral is characterized by its three intricately sculpted portals, rose windows, and two symmetrical towers, with the highest point of the cathedral, the belltower, reaching a height of 114 metres. The facade adheres to the Flamboyant Gothic style, and is marked by ornate tracery, crocketed gables, and a strong vertical emphasis. The entrance portals are decorated with biblical scenes and saints, including references to Joan of Arc.

Nave and Vaulting

Nave of the cathedral

Reflecting off influences from the earlier Rayonnant Gothic style, the cathedral’s interior features a five-aisled nave with a clerestory that allows light to filter in from the high Gothic windows. The traditional ribbed vaulting, pointed arches, and columns emphasize verticality and create a sense of soaring space typical of the Gothic aesthetic.

Choir and Ambulatory

The choir and stalls, designed by Jacques Gabriel and Jules Degoullons in the 18th century, is surrounded by a double ambulatory allowing for the circulation of pilgrims and access to the radiating chapels. The altar and choir furnishings blend Gothic revival elements introduced during 19th-century restorations. The cathedral's apse has a wide ambulatory for pilgrims to walk around and branches off into 13 chapels, each dedicated to various saints and kings, including Saint Louis and Louis IX, who led the Seventh and Eighth Crusades. Many of the chapels are exquisitely painted and, unusually, have human heads on their ceiling keystones, a feature also seen in Notre-Dame de Paris cathedral.^[13]

Stained Glass

Due to damage from World War II and the Wars of Religion, most of the cathedral’s stained glass with the exception of the rose windows date from the 19th century. Many of the windows follow traditional Gothic themes, such as scenes from the Old and New Testaments, including the Nativity, Crucifixion, Resurrection of Christ, and the lives of various saints and apostles. 10 late 19th century stained glass windows also retrace Joan of Arc's story according to the Church. The transept has a large rose window at either end, which depict the royal sun at its height on the south side and the setting sun on the north side. Both windows, filled in 1679, were thus made to represent the Sun King Louis XIV.

Burials

• John Stewart of Darnley, a Scottish nobleman and military commander who served as Constable of the Scottish Army in France, supporting the French during the Hundred Years' War.

See also

• List of Gothic Cathedrals in Europe