A Persian map from the 9th century. Khuzestan is overlined in red.
In some instances, sugar and sugar cane have been given as the meaning of Khuz.[1] The fertile soil of Khuzestan has optimal potential for growing this plant, making excellent harvests for sugar cane possible here.
However, most experts believe the name Khuzestan to be derived from Khūzī, the name of the original Elamite people who inhabited the region, whose distinctive language reportedly survived until Sassanid times.[2]
Every author of the early Islamic period, whether Arabic, Persian, or African, referred to the entire region as Ahvaz.[citation needed] The word "Khuzestan", however, seems to have been widely used to refer to the region by the 9th century.[citation needed]
Some scholars believe Ahvaz and Khuzestan are related to the name Ooksin, a city established during the era of the Elamite civilization, and are the altered forms of the words Ooks, Ookz, Hookz, Huz and Khuz. Iraj Afshar in his Nigāhī bih Khūzistān: majmū`ah´ī az awzā`-i tārīkhī, jughrāfiyā'ī, ijtimā`i, iqtisādī-i mintaqah[3] states that Uxi was the Greek counterpart of the Elamite word Ūvja.
According to Jules Oppert, the word Ūvja, was pronounced as Xuz or Khuz in the Elamite language.[citation needed] The word Ūvja appears abundantly in many texts and on Achaemenid inscriptions at Naqsh-e Rustam,[4] and on Darius's epigraphs at Persepolis and Susa among others[5] Ūvja, or its Greek counterpart Uxi, were names used to refer to the land or the peoples inhabiting the land of Khuzestan.
He then adds that Khuzi is the unofficial language of the royalty and comes from Khuzestan.[citation needed]
In Majma-ul-Tawarikh wa al-Qesas ("The Collection of histories and Tales") written in 1126CE, Khuzestan appears with such names as Hajuestan, Hobujestan, and Ajar, which seem to be derived from Hobujestan and Hujestan in Pahlavi language.[citation needed] .
The Old Persian word Hūjiya "Elam"[6] appears abundantly in many texts and on Achaemenid inscriptions at Naqsh-e Rustam,[4] and on Darius's epigraphs at Persepolis and Susa among others[5]Hūjiya, or its Greek counterpart Uxi,[7] were names used to refer to the land or the peoples inhabiting Susiana. In Middle Persian, Hūjiya "Elam, Susiana Province" became Huź "Susiana", and the modern form of this word is Xuz.[6] As with istan, the common Persian ending -stan "land, region" was added at some point.[vague] The Old Persian: Grammar, Texts, Lexicon by Roland G. Kent of the American Oriental Society, lists the following chains of derivation:
Whereas in some Iranian dialects such as Luri and Bakhtiari (also based in and around Khuzestan), the sound "h" is sometimes used for pronouncing Kh, the words oo, hoo and Khuz have in the process of time been added to the suffix -estan, and the word oojestan has gradually changed to Hujestan, forming the word Khuzestan. Such conversions derive from the fact that in ancient Persian dialects and in Pahlavi language, the sound "oo" was changeable to "hoo" as in such words like Oormazd → Hoormazd or Ooshmand → Hooshmand. And Hoordad has also been pronounced Khordad and Khoortat.
Most Arabs such as the Bani Kaab tribe, came from the west and southwest of the Tigris and Euphrates outside of Khuzestan, beginning in the 15-16th centuries.[citation needed] During the succeeding centuries many more Arab tribes moved from southern Iraq to Khuzestan; as a result, Khuzestan gained the second name Arabistan, and became extensively Arabized.[8]
In 1441, Muhammad ibn Falah, founder and leader of the Msha'sha'iya, initiated a wave of attacks on Khuzestan, and the cities of Hoveizeh, Khorramshahr, Ahvaz, and Susa started seeing large increases in Arab populations.[citation needed] The term Arabistan thus came into use to refer to the Arab populated areas of this region. At this time, many texts started using both Khuzestan and Arabistan as the region's name. Examples are Majalis Al-Mumineen written by Ghadhi Nurollah Shushtari in 1585, Giti Gosha by Mirza Muhammad Sadigh Musawi, Nasikh Al-Tawarikh by Lisan Malek Sepehr, Muntazam Naseri and Mar'at ul-Baladan by Sani ol molk, Sharh Waghi'a by Ismail Mirza Dorughi, and the Afsharid era work Jahan goshay-i Naderi. The Safavid era account History of Alam Aray Abbasi speaks of dispatching troops to "Khuzestan wa Arabistan" during the 8th year of Shah Abbas' reign.
The name Arabistan, however, became more prevalent over time as the British became gradually involved in the Persian Gulf region. By the time of the QajarMozaffareddin Shah, the name Arabistan was meant to completely refer to all of Khuzestan.[9]
With the centralized Pahlavi government of Iran gradually strengthening, Reza Shah restored the name of the province to its original in 1923.
10th century regional map of Khuzestan by Ibn Hawqal. The word is underlined in red.10th century map of the World by Ibn Hawqal, the word Khuzestan is shaded in yellow background.
The following is a list of sources that specifically use, describe, or discuss the word "Khuzestan". Almost all are written in the Arabic language.
Ahsan al-Taqasim fi Ma'rifat il-Aqalim (احسن التقاسيم في معرفه الاقاليم) by Shamsideen Abu Abdallah Muhammad ibn Ahmad ibn Abu Bakr Al-Shami, a.k.a. Al-Muqaddasi, 985.
Moruj ul-dhahab wa ma'adin al-jawahir (مروج الذهب و معادن الجواهر) written in 943 by Masudi.
Masudi's Al-tanbih wa al-ashraf (التنبیه و الاشراف).
Suwar al-Aqalim (صور الاقالیم) by unknown author. Written in 1347, this geographic treatise was dedicated to the Muzaffarid ruler Amir Mubarizeddin Muhammad.
Marasid al-Ittila' ila Asma' al-Imkanah wa al-Bagha' (مراصد الاطلاع الی اسما الامکنه و البقاع) by Safideen Abdulmumin al-Baghdadi.
Nukhbat ul-Dahr fi Ajayib al-Bir wa al-Bahr (نخبه الدهر و فی عجائب البر و البحر) by Shaikh Shamsuddin Abi Abdullah Muhammad ibn Abitalib al-Ansari, a copy of which was printed in 1928 by A. Meher in Leipzig.
Tarikh Fakhri by Safiddin Muhammad ibn Ali a.k.a. Ibn Taghtaghi, written in 1301.
Rawdhah Ulā al-Albab fi Marifah al-Tawarikh wa al-Ansab (روضه اولی الالباب فی معرفه التواریخ و الانساب) by Fakhriddin Abu Suleiman Dawud al-Banakuti, written in 1317.
Shiraz nama by Abul Abbas Mo'in-uddin Ahmad Shirazi, written in 1356.
Tabaqat al-Shafi'iyah al-Kubra (طبقات الشافعیه الکبری) by Tajiddin Abi Nasr Abdul wahab ibn Ali ibn Abdul Kafi Asbaki a.k.a. Ibn Sabki, d1326.
15th century
Al-Qamus Almuhit (القاموس المحيط) by Muhammad ibn Yaqub ibn Muhammad Firouzabadi, d1414.
Yaghma, 3rd year, no 9, p389-396 for a more detailed account of this process.
Further references used
Najafī, Muhammad Bāqir. Khuzistan dar manabi' Iran-shinasi. Tehran. 1983. Library of The National Museum of Iran. This study documents in 5 chapters and 162 pages, the sources of the names Khuzestan and Ahvaz in the most extensive detail.