Operation Retribution

For the German bombing of Belgrade in April 1941, see Operation Retribution (1941).

Operation Retribution was the Second World War air and naval blockade designed to prevent the seaborne evacuation of Axis forces from Tunisia to Sicily. Axis forces were isolated in northern Tunisia and faced Operation Vulcan, the final Allied assault. The equivalent blockade of air evacuation was Operation Flax.

Operation Retribution
Part of the Tunisia Campaign of the Second World War
The Strait of Sicily and surrounding waters
Date 8–13 May 1943 Location Sicilian Channel and Cape Bon, Tunisia 37°20′N 11°20′E Result Allied victory
Belligerents
United Kingdom  United States	Germany  Italy
Commanders and leaders
Andrew Cunningham

The British Admiral Andrew Cunningham—Allied naval commander—began the operation on 7 May 1943, with the colourful signal to "Sink, burn and destroy. Let nothing pass". He had also named the operation Retribution in recognition of the losses that his destroyer forces had endured during the Greek campaign, the German occupation of Greece and Operation Mercury the capture of Crete.^[1] The Germans were unable to mount a significant rescue effort.

The predicament of the Axis had been recognised earlier and a large scale effort to evacuate Axis personnel was expected. So, all available naval light forces were ordered to concentrate at Malta or Bone, with specified patrol areas.^{[note 1]} To achieve this, convoy movements were restricted to release their escorts. The Italian Fleet was expected to intervene and the battleships HMS Nelson and Rodney and the aircraft carrier HMS Formidable were moved to Algiers in readiness for a major action.^[2]

The Italian Fleet did not leave port (due to the imposing threat of the British navy in much of the Mediterranean Sea) and there was no organised attempt to evacuate Axis forces by sea. Two supply ships en route to Tunisia were intercepted and sunk. Inshore flotillas of British Motor Torpedo Boats (MTBs) and American PT boats intercepted small craft and raided the waters around Ras Idda (Cape Bon) and Kelibia.^[1] The only significant threat to the sea forces were friendly fire attacks by Allied aircraft, after which red recognition patches were painted on the ships.^[3] The Allies captured 897 men. 630 Germans and Italians are thought to have escaped to Sicily and Sardinia including 18 men from the s.Pz.Abt. 501 Werkstatt Kompanie. An unknown number drowned.^[4] One of the most famous escape stories is that of Rudolf Nieger, a German Kapitänleutnant who made it to Sicily with six other soldiers. They hid for several weeks on small islands off the Tunisian coast. Then they stole an Allied motorboat and got Arabs to provide enough gasoline to get them to Sicily.^[5] However, individual examples of determined escapes by small groups like this did not change the overall outcome of the Tunisian campaign, in which the vast majority of the remaining Germans and Italians in Tunisia would end up in American prisoner-of-war camps.

Axis forces in north Africa, squeezed into a small area with minimal supplies and facing well-equipped and -supplied opponents, surrendered on 13 May. The north African ports were rapidly cleared and readied to support the forthcoming invasions of southern Europe. The 12th, 13th and 14th Minesweeping Flotillas from Malta, two groups of minesweeping trawlers and smaller vessels cleared a channel through the minefields of the Sicilian Channel to Tripoli, removing nearly 200 moored mines. On 15 May, Cunningham signalled that "the passage through the Mediterranean was clear" and that convoys from Gibraltar to Alexandria could be started at once. Thus the direct route between Gibraltar and Alexandria—closed since May 1941—was reopened with substantial savings in shipping and their escorts.^[3]

See also

• List of classes of British ships of World War II
• North African campaign timeline

Notes

1. "Light forces" included cruisers and all smaller warships. There were 18 destroyers and several flotillas of torpedo boats available.

References

1. Tomblin, Barbara (31 October 2004). With utmost spirit: Allied naval operations in the Mediterranean, 1942–1945. The University Press of Kentucky. ISBN 0-8131-2338-0.
2. Eisenhower, Dwight. "Report of the Commander-in-Chief Allied Forces ..." pp. 47–48. Retrieved 26 September 2010.
3. Roskill, Stephen. "The African Campaigns; 1st January - 31st May, 1943". HyperWar Foundation. pp. 441–442. Retrieved 27 September 2010.
4. Robert Forczyk, Desert Armour: Tank Warfare in North Africa: Gazala to Tunisia, 1942–43, Osprey Publishing, 2020, p. 299.
5. Alan Levine, Captivity, Flight, and Survival in World War II, Praeger Publishers, 2000, p. 32.