Ohio-class submarine

The Ohio class of nuclear-powered submarines includes the United States Navy's 14 ballistic missile submarines (SSBNs) and its four cruise missile submarines (SSGNs). Each displacing 18,750 tons submerged, the Ohio-class boats are the largest submarines ever built for the U.S. Navy. They are also the third-largest submarines ever built, behind the Russian Navy's Soviet era 48,000-ton Typhoon class, the last of which was retired in 2023,^[b][11] and 24,000-ton Borei class.^[12] Capable of carrying 24 Trident II missiles apiece, the Ohio class are equipped with just as many missiles as, if not more than, either the Borei class (16) or the deactivated Typhoon class (20).

Ohio-class SSBN profile
USS Ohio, during her commissioning ceremony in 1981.
Class overview
Name	Ohio class
Builders	General Dynamics Electric Boat[1]
Operators	United States Navy[1]
Preceded by	Benjamin Franklin class
Succeeded by	Columbia class[2]
Cost	$2 billion (late 1990s)[3] ($3.53 billion in 2023 dollars[4])
Built	1976–1997
In commission	1981–present
Planned	24
Completed	18
Cancelled	6
Active	18
General characteristics
Type	SSBN/SSGN (hull design SCB-304)[5]
Displacement	16,764 tonnes (16,499 long tons) surfaced[1][3] 18,750 tonnes (18,450 long tons) submerged[1]
Length	560 ft (170 m)[1]
Beam	42 ft (13 m)[1]
Draft	35.5 ft (10.8 m) maximum[6]
Propulsion	1× S8G PWR nuclear reactor[1] 2× geared turbines; 35,000 shp (26 MW)[7] 1x Fairbanks Morse auxiliary diesel[6] 1× 325 hp (242 kW) auxiliary motor 1 shaft with seven-bladed screw[6]
Speed	12 knots (22 km/h; 14 mph) surfaced[1] 20 knots (37 km/h; 23 mph) submerged (official)[1] 25 knots (46 km/h; 29 mph) submerged (reported)[1]
Range	Limited only by food supplies
Test depth	+800 ft (240 m)[8]
Complement	15 officers, 140 enlisted[1][3]
Sensors and processing systems	BQQ-6 passive bow-mounted array[1] (which includes BQS-13 fire control array)[9] BQR-19 navigation[1] TB-16[1] or BQR-23 towed array[9] BQR-25 conformal array[9] The AN/BPS-15J
Armament	4 × 21 inch (533 mm) Mark 48 torpedo tubes (Forward Compartment 4th level)
General characteristics (SSBN-726 to SSBN-733 from construction to refueling)
Armament	20[a] × Trident I C4 SLBM with up to 8 MIRVed 100 ktTNT W76 nuclear warheads each, range 4,000 nmi (7,400 km; 4,600 mi)
General characteristics (SSBN-734 and subsequent hulls upon construction, SSBN-730 to SSBN-733 since refueling)
Armament	20[a] × Trident II D5 SLBM with up to 12 MIRVed W76 or W88 (475 ktTNT) nuclear warheads each, range 6,100 nmi (11,300 km; 7,000 mi)
General characteristics (SSGN conversion)
Armament	22 tubes, each with 7 Tomahawk cruise missiles, totaling 154

Like their predecessors the Benjamin Franklin and Lafayette classes,^[13] the Ohio-class SSBNs are part of the United States' nuclear-deterrent triad, along with U.S. Air Force strategic bombers and intercontinental ballistic missiles.^[14] The 14 SSBNs together carry about half of U.S. active strategic thermonuclear warheads. Although the Trident missiles have no preset targets when the submarines go on patrol,^[15]: 392 they can be given targets quickly, from the United States Strategic Command based in Nebraska,^[16] using secure and constant radio communications links, including very low frequency systems.

All the Ohio-class submarines, except for USS Henry M. Jackson, are named for U.S. states, which U.S. Navy tradition had previously reserved for battleships and later cruisers. The Ohio class is to be gradually replaced by the Columbia class beginning in 2031.

Description

The Ohio-class submarine was designed for extended strategic deterrent patrols. Each submarine is assigned two complete crews, called the Blue crew and the Gold crew, each typically serving 70-to-90-day deterrent patrols. To decrease the time in port for crew turnover and replenishment, three large logistics hatches have been installed to provide large-diameter resupply and repair access. These hatches allow rapid transfer of supply pallets, equipment replacement modules, and machinery components, speeding up replenishment and maintenance of the submarines. Moreover, the "stealth" ability of the submarines was significantly improved over all previous ballistic-missile subs. Ohio was virtually undetectable in her sea trials in 1982, giving the U.S. Navy extremely advanced flexibility.^[17]

USS Michigan (SSBN-727) at a dry-dock in November 2002, before its conversion to an SSGN

The class's design allows the boat to operate for about 15 years between major overhauls. These submarines are reported to be as quiet at their cruising speed of 20 knots (37 km/h; 23 mph) or more as the previous Lafayette-class submarines at 6 knots (11 km/h; 6.9 mph), although exact information remains classified.^[18] Fire control for their Mark 48 torpedoes is carried out by Mark 118 Mod 2 system,^[9] while the Missile Fire Control system is a Mark 98.^[9]

The Ohio-class submarines were constructed from sections of hull, with each four-deck section being 42 ft (13 m) in diameter.^[6][9] The sections were produced at the General Dynamics Electric Boat facility, Quonset Point, Rhode Island, and then assembled at its shipyard at Groton, Connecticut.^[6]

The US Navy has a total of 18 Ohio-class submarines which consist of 14 ballistic missile submarines (SSBNs), and four cruise missile submarines (SSGNs). The SSBN submarines provide the sea-based leg of the U.S. nuclear triad. Each SSBN submarine is armed with up to 20 Trident II submarine-launched ballistic missiles (SLBM). Each SSGN is capable of carrying 154 Tomahawk cruise missiles, plus a complement of Harpoon missiles to be fired through their torpedo tubes.

History

See also: STRAT-X

The Ohio class was designed in the 1970s to carry the concurrently designed Trident submarine-launched ballistic missile. The first eight Ohio-class submarines were armed at first with 24 Trident I C4 SLBMs.^[6] Beginning with the ninth Trident submarine, Tennessee, the remaining boats were equipped with the larger, three-stage Trident II D5 missile.^[9] The Trident I missile carries eight multiple independently targetable reentry vehicles, while the Trident II missile carries 12, in total delivering more destructive power than the Trident I missile and with greater accuracy. Starting with Alaska in 2000, the Navy began converting its remaining ballistic missile submarines armed with C4 missiles to carry D5 missiles. This task was completed in mid-2008. The first eight submarines had their home ports at Bangor, Washington, to replace the submarines carrying Polaris A3 missiles that were then being decommissioned. The remaining 10 submarines originally had their home ports at Kings Bay, Georgia, replacing the Poseidon and Trident Backfit submarines of the Atlantic Fleet.

SSBN/SSGN conversions

Ohio-class SSGN profile

USS Ohio being converted from an SSBN to an SSGN in March 2004

In 1994, the Nuclear Posture Review study determined that, of the 18 Ohio SSBNs the U.S. Navy would be operating in total, 14 would be sufficient for the strategic needs of the U.S. The decision was made to convert four Ohio-class boats into SSGNs capable of conducting conventional land attack and special operations. As a result, the four oldest boats of the class—Ohio, Michigan, Florida, and Georgia—progressively entered the conversion process in late 2002 and were returned to active service by 2008.^[19] The boats could thereafter carry 154 Tomahawk cruise missiles and 66 special operations personnel, among other capabilities and upgrades.^[19] The cost to refit the four boats was around US$1 billion (2008 dollars) per vessel.^[20] During the conversion of these four submarines to SSGNs (see below), five of the remaining submarines, Pennsylvania, Kentucky, Nebraska, Maine, and Louisiana, were transferred from Kings Bay to Bangor.^{[citation needed]} Further transfers occur as the strategic weapons goals of the United States change.

Artist's concept of an Ohio-class SSGN launching Tomahawk Land Attack Missiles

In 2011, Ohio-class submarines carried out 28 deterrent patrols. Each patrol lasts around 70 days. Four boats are on station ("hard alert") in designated patrol areas at any given time.^[21] From January to June 2014, Pennsylvania carried out a 140-day-long patrol, the longest to date.^[22]

The conversion modified 22 of the 24 88-inch (2.2 m) diameter Trident missile tubes to contain large vertical launch systems, one configuration of which may be a cluster of seven Tomahawk cruise missiles. In this configuration, the number of cruise missiles carried could be a maximum of 154, the equivalent of what is typically deployed in a surface battle group. Other payload possibilities include new generations of supersonic and hypersonic cruise missiles, and Submarine Launched Intermediate Range Ballistic Missiles,^{[citation needed]} unmanned aerial vehicles, the ADM-160 MALD, sensors for antisubmarine warfare or intelligence, surveillance, and reconnaissance missions, counter mine warfare payloads such as the AN/BLQ-11 Long Term Mine Reconnaissance System, and the broaching universal buoyant launcher and stealthy affordable capsule system specialized payload canisters.^{[citation needed]}

The helm of the Ohio-class guided-missile submarine, USS Florida (SSGN-728), in March 2010

The missile tubes also have room for stowage canisters that can extend the forward deployment time for special forces. The other two Trident tubes are converted to swimmer lockout chambers. For special operations, the Dry Combat Submersible (which replaced the Advanced SEAL Delivery System), as well as the dry deck shelter, can be mounted on the lockout chamber and the boat will be able to host up to 66 special-operations sailors or Marines, such as Navy SEALs, or USMC MARSOC teams. Improved communications equipment installed during the upgrade allows the SSGNs to serve as a forward-deployed, clandestine Small Combatant Joint Command Center.^[23]

On 26 September 2002, the Navy awarded General Dynamics Electric Boat a US$442.9 million contract to begin the first phase of the SSGN submarine conversion program. Those funds covered only the initial phase of conversion for the first two boats on the schedule. Advance procurement was funded at $355 million in fiscal year 2002, $825 million in the FY 2003 budget and, through the five-year defense budget plan, at $936 million in FY 2004, $505 million in FY 2005, and $170 million in FY 2006. Thus, the total cost to refit the four boats is just under $700 million per vessel.^{[citation needed]}

In November 2002, Ohio entered a dry-dock, beginning her 36-month refueling and missile-conversion overhaul. Electric Boat announced on 9 January 2006 that the conversion had been completed. The converted Ohio rejoined the fleet in February 2006, followed by Florida in April 2006. The converted Michigan was delivered in November 2006. The converted Ohio went to sea for the first time in October 2007. Georgia returned to the fleet in March 2008 at Kings Bay.^{[24][failed verification]} These four SSGNs are expected to remain in service until about 2023–2026. At that point, their capabilities will be replaced with Virginia Payload Module-equipped Virginia-class submarine.^[25]

Missile tube reduction

As part of the New START treaty, four tubes on each SSBN were deactivated in 2017, reducing the number of missiles to 20 per boat.^[26]

Detailed cross-section

Line drawing of the Ohio class in its original SSBN configuration. (1) Sonar dome, (2) Main ballast tanks, (3) Computer room, (4) Integrated radio room, (5) Sonar room, (6) Command and control center, (7) Navigation center, (8) Missile control center, (9) Engine room, (10) Reactor compartment, (11) Auxiliary machinery room no. 2, (12) Crew's berthing, (13) Auxiliary machinery room no. 1, (14) Torpedo room, (15) Wardroom, (16) Chief petty officer quarters, (17) Missile compartment

Boats in class

Boat	Hull number	Ordered	Laid down	Launched	Delivered	Commissioned	Decommissioned	Homeport	Service life (status)	Ref.
Guided-missile submarines (SSGN)
Ohio	SSGN-726	1 July 1974	10 April 1976	7 April 1979	28 October 1981	11 November 1981	Proposed 2026[27]	Naval Base Kitsap, Washington	43 years, 1 month and 22 days (in active service)	[28]
Michigan	SSGN-727	28 February 1975	4 April 1977	26 April 1980	28 August 1982	11 September 1982	Proposed 2028[29]	Naval Base Kitsap, Washington	42 years, 3 months and 22 days (in active service)	[30]
Florida	SSGN-728	28 February 1975	19 January 1981	14 November 1981	17 May 1983	18 June 1983	Proposed 2026[31]	Naval Submarine Base Kings Bay, Georgia	41 years, 6 months and 15 days (in active service)	[32]
Georgia	SSGN-729	20 February 1976	7 April 1979	6 November 1982	17 January 1984	11 February 1984	Proposed 2028[33]	Naval Submarine Base Kings Bay, Georgia	40 years, 10 months and 22 days (in active service)	[34]
Ballistic missile submarines (SSBN)
Henry M. Jackson (ex Rhode Island)	SSBN-730	6 June 1977	19 November 1981	15 October 1983	11 September 1984	6 October 1984	Proposed 2027[35]	Naval Base Kitsap, Washington	40 years, 2 months and 27 days (in active service)	[36]
Alabama	SSBN-731	27 February 1978	27 August 1981	19 May 1984	23 April 1985	25 May 1985	Proposed 2028[37]	Naval Base Kitsap, Washington	39 years, 7 months and 8 days (in active service)	[38]
Alaska	SSBN-732	27 February 1978	9 March 1983	12 January 1985	26 November 1985	25 January 1986		Naval Submarine Base Kings Bay, Georgia	38 years, 11 months and 8 days (in active service)	[39]
Nevada	SSBN-733	7 January 1981	8 August 1983	14 September 1985	7 August 1986	16 August 1986		Naval Base Kitsap, Washington	38 years, 4 months and 17 days (in active service)	[40]
Tennessee	SSBN-734	7 January 1982	9 June 1986	13 December 1986	18 November 1988	17 December 1988		Naval Submarine Base Kings Bay, Georgia	36 years and 16 days (in active service)	[41]
Pennsylvania	SSBN-735	29 November 1982	2 March 1987	23 April 1988	22 August 1989	9 September 1989		Naval Base Kitsap, Washington	35 years, 3 months and 24 days (in active service)	[42]
West Virginia	SSBN-736	21 November 1983	18 December 1987	14 October 1989	10 September 1990	20 October 1990		Naval Submarine Base Kings Bay, Georgia	34 years, 2 months and 13 days (in active service)	[43]
Kentucky	SSBN-737	13 August 1985	18 December 1987	11 August 1990	27 June 1991	13 July 1991		Naval Base Kitsap, Washington	33 years, 5 months and 20 days (in active service)	[44]
Maryland	SSBN-738	14 March 1986	22 April 1986	10 August 1991	31 May 1992	13 June 1992		Naval Submarine Base Kings Bay, Georgia	32 years, 6 months and 20 days (in active service)	[45]
Nebraska	SSBN-739	26 May 1987	6 July 1987	15 August 1992	18 June 1993	10 July 1993		Naval Base Kitsap, Washington	31 years, 5 months and 23 days (in active service)	[46]
Rhode Island	SSBN-740	15 January 1988	15 September 1988	17 July 1993	22 June 1994	9 July 1994		Naval Submarine Base Kings Bay, Georgia	30 years, 5 months and 24 days (in active service)	[47]
Maine	SSBN-741	5 October 1988	3 July 1990	16 July 1994	21 June 1995	29 July 1995		Naval Base Kitsap, Washington	29 years, 5 months and 14 days (in active service)	[48]
Wyoming	SSBN-742	18 October 1989	8 August 1991	15 July 1995	20 June 1996	13 July 1996		Naval Submarine Base Kings Bay, Georgia	28 years, 5 months and 20 days (in active service)	[49]
Louisiana	SSBN-743	19 December 1990	23 October 1992	27 July 1996	14 August 1997	6 September 1997		Naval Base Kitsap, Washington	27 years, 3 months and 27 days (in active service)	[50]

Note: Boats based at Naval Base Kitsap, Washington are operated by the U.S. Pacific Fleet, while boats based at Naval Submarine Base Kings Bay, Georgia are operated by U.S. Fleet Forces Command, (formerly the U.S. Atlantic Fleet).

Replacement

Main article: Columbia-class submarine

The U.S. Department of Defense anticipated a continued need for a sea-based strategic nuclear force.^{[citation needed]} The first of the current Ohio-class SSBNs was expected to be retired by 2029,^{[citation needed]} so the replacement submarine would need to be seaworthy by that time. A replacement was expected to cost over $4 billion per unit compared to Ohio's $2 billion.^[3] The U.S. Navy explored two options. The first option was a variant of the Virginia-class nuclear-powered attack submarines. The second option was a dedicated SSBN, either with a new hull or based on an overhaul of the current Ohio class.^{[citation needed]}

With the cooperation of both Electric Boat and Newport News Shipbuilding, in 2007, the U.S. Navy began a cost-control study.^{[citation needed]} Then in December 2008, the U.S. Navy awarded Electric Boat a contract for the missile compartment design of the Ohio-class replacement, worth up to $592 million. Newport News is expected to receive close to 4% of that project. In April 2009, U.S. Defense Secretary Robert M. Gates stated that the U.S. Navy was expected to begin such a program in 2010.^[3] The new vessel was scheduled to enter the design phase by 2014. If a new hull design was to be used, the program needed to be initiated by 2016 to meet the 2029 deadline.^{[citation needed][needs update]}

The Columbia class was officially designated on 14 December 2016, by Secretary of the Navy Ray Mabus, and the lead submarine will be USS District of Columbia (SSBN-826).^[51] The Navy wants to procure the first Columbia-class boat in FY2021,^[52] though it is not expected to enter service until 2031.^[53][54]

In 2020, Navy officials first publicly discussed the idea of extending the lives of select Ohio-class boats at the Naval Submarine League's 2020 conference. During the 2022 conference, Rear Admiral Scott Pappano, the program executive officer for strategic submarines, and Rear Admiral Douglas G. Perry, the director of undersea warfare on the Chief of Naval Operations' staff, discussed the Columbia-class program, and also touched on the possibility of finding Ohio-class boats that had sufficient remaining nuclear fuel and were in good enough material state to be given a further extension to their lives.^[55]

In popular culture

As ballistic-missile submarines, the Ohio class has occasionally been portrayed in fiction books and films.

• Tom Clancy wrote Ohio-class submarines into several novels,^[56] such as USS Maine (SSBN-741) in The Sum of All Fears (1991).^[57]
• The fictional USS Montana is featured in the 1989 film The Abyss.^[58]
• USS Alabama is the setting for the 1995 submarine film Crimson Tide.^[59]
• The fictional ballistic missile submarine USS Colorado (SSBN-753) is the primary setting for the ABC television series Last Resort.^[60]
• USS Wyoming is featured in Season 1, Episode 13 of the American television series The Brave.^[61]

See also

• List of submarine classes of the United States Navy
• List of submarines of the United States Navy
• List of submarine classes in service
• Submarines in the United States Navy
• Submarine-launched ballistic missile

Notes

1. Each hull initially started out with 24 missile tubes. This number was reduced to 20 in 2017 due to the New START treaty
2. The last boat of the Typhoon class, Dmitriy Donskoi, was confirmed by Russia, in February 2023, as deactivated.^[10]

References

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5. Adcock, Al. (1993). U.S. Ballistic Missile Submarines. Carrolltown, Texas: Squadron Signal. pp. 4, 40. ISBN 978-0-89747-293-7.
6. Adcock, Al (1993). U.S. Ballistic Missile Submarines. Carrolltown, Texas: Squadron Signal. p. 40. ISBN 978-0-89747-293-7.
7. "Part II.6 Trident". Appendices: Commission on the Organization of the Government for the Conduct of Foreign Policy. Vol. IV: Appendix K: Adequacy of Current Organization: Defense and Arms Control. U.S. Government Printing Office. June 1975. pp. 177–179. Retrieved 14 January 2023. The projected boat would have a 30,000 ton displacement and would be powered by two 30,000 shp reactors... ...both the submarine and the missile grew incrementally in size to their current dimensions — the missile by six inches in diameter and four to five feet in length; the submarine by 5,000 shp in reactor output...
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13. Chant 2005, p. 33.
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54. "SENEDIA Defense Innovation Days" (PDF). Senedia.org. 5 September 2014. Retrieved 20 August 2016.
55. "US Navy wants to avoid shortfall of nuke-armed subs in 2030s". defensenews.com. 2 November 2022. Retrieved 8 November 2022.
56. Terdoslavich, William (2006). The Jack Ryan Agenda: Policy and Politics in the Novels of Tom Clancy: An Unauthorized Analysis. Forge Books. p. 95. ISBN 0-7653-1248-4.
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59. "Crimson Tide". Internet Movie Database. Archived from the original on 13 July 2018. Retrieved 27 September 2011.
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61. Roots, Kimberly (29 January 2018). "The Brave Finale Recap: Man Down!". TVLine. Archived from the original on 15 February 2018. Retrieved 14 February 2018.

Bibliography

• Chant, Chris (2005). Submarine Warfare Today. Leicester, United Kingdom: Silverdale Books. ISBN 1-84509-158-2. OCLC 156749009.
• Chinworth, William C. (15 March 2006). The Future of the Ohio Class Submarine (PDF) (Master of Strategic Studies thesis). Carlisle Barracks, Pennsylvania: U.S. Army War College. OCLC 70852911.
• Genat, Robert; Genat, Robin (1997). Modern U.S. Navy Submarines. Osceola, Wisconsin: Motorbooks International. ISBN 0-7603-0276-6. OCLC 36713050.

Further reading

• Dalgleish, D. Douglas; Schweikart, Larry (1984). Trident. Carbondale, IL: Southern Illinois University Press.
• Hutchinson, Robert (2006). Jane's Submarines War Beneath the Waves: From 1776 to the Present Day. New Line Books. ISBN 978-1-59764-181-4.
• O'Rourke, Ronald. "Navy Columbia (SSBN-826) Class Ballistic Missile Submarine Program: Background and Issues for Congress". Congressional Research Service – via Every CRS Report.

External links

• "USS Kentucky SSBN 737 Ballistic Missile Submarine" on YouTube
• Chonday video: The Largest Submarine in the U.S. Navy