Papuan Tip languages

The Papuan Tip languages are a branch of the Western Oceanic languages consisting of 60 languages.

Papuan Tip
Geographic distribution	Eastern New Guinea
Linguistic classification	Austronesian Malayo-Polynesian Oceanic Western Oceanic Papuan Tip
Proto-language	Proto-Papuan Tip
Subdivisions	Nuclear Papuan Tip Suauic North Mainland – D'Entrecasteaux Peripheral Papuan Tip Kilivila–Misima Nimoa–Sudest Central Papuan Tip
Language codes
Glottolog	papu1253

Contact

All Papuan Tip languages, except Nimoa, Sudest, and the Kilivila languages (all spoken on islands off the coast of mainland Papua New Guinea), have subject–object–verb (SOV) word order due to influences from nearby Papuan languages (Lynch, Ross, & Crowley 2002:104). Universally, this is considered to be a typologically unusual change. Since these non-Austronesian influences can be reconstructed for Proto-Papuan Tip, they did not simply result from recent contact among individual daughter languages.^[1]

Languages

According to Lynch, Ross, & Crowley (2002), the structure of the family is as follows:^[2]

• Nuclear Papuan Tip linkage
  • Suauic linkage: Buhutu, 'Auhelawa, Oya'oya, Unubahe, Saliba, Suau, Bwanabwana, Wagawaga
  • North Mainland – D'Entrecasteaux linkage
    • Anuki
    • Gumawana
    • Bwaidoga: Bwaidoka, Diodio (West Goodenough), Iamalele, Iduna, Koluwawa, Maiadomu
    • Dobu–Duau: Dobu, Molima, Bunama, Boselewa, Duau, Galeya, Mwatebu, Sewa Bay
    • Kakabai: Dawawa, Kakabai
    • Are–Taupota^{[citation needed]}
      • Are: Are, Arifama-Miniafia, Doga, Gapapaiwa, Ghayavi, Kaninuwa, Ubir
      • Taupota: Gweda, Haigwai, Maiwala, Minaveha, Taupota, Tawala, Wa'ema, Wedau, Yakaikeke
• Kilivila–Misima linkage
  • Kilivila family: Budibud, Kilivila, Muyuw
  • Misima language
• Nimoa–Sudest family: Nimoa, Sudest
• Central Papuan Tip family
  • Oumic: Magoric (Magori, Yoba, Bina), Ouma
  • Sinagoro–Keapara: Hula–Keapara, Sinaugoro
  • West Central Papuan Tip^{[citation needed]}
    • Motu
    • Abadi
    • Nuclear West Central Papuan Tip: Toura, Kuni, Mekeo, Lala, Waima

Maisin is difficult to classify, but its Austronesian component likely belongs with Nuclear Papuan Tip. Yele has recently been tentatively classified as closest to Nimoa–Sudest, while others classify it as a Papuan language.

References

1. Reesink, Ger; Dunn, Michael (2018). "Contact phenomena in Austronesian and Papuan languages". In Palmer, Bill (ed.). The Languages and Linguistics of the New Guinea Area: A Comprehensive Guide. The World of Linguistics. Vol. 4. Berlin: De Gruyter Mouton. pp. 939–985. ISBN 978-3-11-028642-7.
2. Lynch, John; Malcolm Ross; Terry Crowley (2002). The Oceanic languages. Richmond, Surrey: Curzon. ISBN 9780700711284. OCLC 48929366.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)