Nordoff–Robbins music therapy

Nordoff–Robbins music therapy is a form of music therapy designed to support individuals with psychological, physical, or developmental disabilities through music.^[1] The therapy method was created in 1958 by American composer and pianist Paul Nordoff and British special education teacher Clive Robbins.^[2][3] It was influenced by the philosophy of Rudolf Steiner and the concept of anthroposophy,^[4] relying on the belief that individuals can engage with music in ways that promote communication, self-expression, and personal development.^[2] Sessions typically involve active music-making, such as improvisation by using instruments or voice, tailored to the client. Nordoff–Robbins music therapy training programs are available internationally, with established centers in the United Kingdom, the United States, Australia, Germany, New Zealand, and South Africa.^[5][6]

Nordoff-Robbins Center for Music Therapy

The Nordoff-Robbins Center for Music Therapy, founded in 1989 by Clive Robbins and his wife, Carol Robbins, is housed within the Steinhardt School of Culture at New York University.^[7] The center is affiliated with New York University's Music Therapy Program and provides music therapy for individuals with a range of disabilities, including autism spectrum disorder, behavioral disorders, developmental delays, sensory impairments, and psychiatric conditions.^{[citation needed][8]} Additionally, the center conducts and publishes research, with current research focusing on the impact of music therapy for individuals with conditions such as autism and hearing loss. The center is visited by over 150 people annually, including music therapists, students, media professionals, and members of the public seeking resources or consultation.^[5][9][10]

Inception

Robbins, who worked in special education at the Sunfield Children's Home, a UK anthroposophical residential facility for children and adolescents with intellectual and emotional disabilities, was looking for new ways to help them progress. In 1958, Nordoff, who taught at Bard College in New York, received a sabbatical to tour and perform his musical compositions and improvisation. Upon seeing the effects of Nordoff's performance on the residents of Sunfield, Robbins and Nordoff both decided to leave their positions and dedicate themselves to collaborating on a new form of music therapy.^[11]