Terrorism in Greece

Multiple terrorist attacks have occurred in Greece.

Banned terrorist organizations

Nihilist Faction

The Nihilist Faction (Greek: Φράξια Μηδενιστών, romanized: Fraxia Midheniston) was a nihilist anarchist organization in Greece, which claimed responsibility for a 28 May 1996 bombing of IBM offices in Athens. The attack caused extensive structural damage but no injuries.^[1] The group was responsible for other attacks, primarily arson and fire bombing. The group was founded c. 1996.^[2]

Revolutionary People's Struggle

Main article: Revolutionary People's Struggle

Revolutionary People's Struggle (Greek: Επαναστατικός Λαϊκός Αγώνας (ΕΛΑ), romanized: Epanastatikos Laikos Agonas (ELA)) was a far-left urban guerilla organization that operated between 1975 and 1995 before its members announcing its disbandment. It was the largest terrorist organization by number of group members in Greece.^[3]

Revolutionary Organization 17 November

Main article: Revolutionary Organization 17 November

N17 was a Greek far-left Marxist–Leninist urban guerrilla organization formed in 1975. The Greek government arrested many members of the 17 November organization in the summer of 2002. In 2003 15 members were found guilty of multiple murders and convicted for more than 2,500 crimes.^[4]

Revolutionary Struggle

Main article: Revolutionary Struggle

The Revolutionary Struggle is a far-left Greek paramilitary group known for its attacks on Greek government buildings. It is widely described as a terrorist organization by both the Greek government and the media.^[5][6][7]

Revolutionary Nuclei

Main article: Revolutionary Nuclei

Revolutionary Nuclei (RN) was, anti-U.S., anti-NATO, and anti-European Union urban guerrilla organization that conducted 13 bomb attacks in Athens between 1996 and 2000. The first attack for which RN took credit was a bomb attack on Greek Coast Guard installations in Piraeus on 11 May 1997, but it later acknowledged that two earlier attacks were carried out by RN members. Per its four proclamations, RN fought against the "imperialist domination, exploitation, and oppression" of Greece.^[8]

On 27 April 1999 an RN bomb targeting a conference at the InterContinental Hotel in Athens killed one person (Despite telephoned warnings, the building was not evacuated). In December 1999 RN set off explosives near Texaco's offices in Athens.^[8]

Conspiracy of Fire Nuclei

Main article: Conspiracy of Fire Nuclei

Sect of Revolutionaries

Main article: Sect of Revolutionaries

Revolutionary Self-Defense

Main article: Organization for Revolutionary Self-Defense

The Revolutionary Self-Defense group claims to fight to "construct a mass internationalist revolutionary movement, by strengthening militant resistance on the entire spectrum of class antagonism".^[9] On November 10, 2016, a police officer, who had been on guard outside the embassy, was wounded when unknown assailants threw a hand grenade on the French embassy building, days later the group claimed responsibility for the attack.^[10] Militants shot against members of the riot police when they are parked in the downtown in Athens, Greece. The incidents left no one injured.^[11] The group is suspected of a 2016 grenade attack the Russian embassy in Athens.^[12]

Black Star

Black Star (also known as Mavro Asteri; Greek: Μαύρο Αστέρι) is a Greek anarchist urban guerrilla group involved in violent direct action.

During the period between May 1999 and October 2002, Black Star was one of the most active anarchist groups in Greece.^[13][14] They describe themselves as anti-imperialist, anti-establishment, and anti-capitalist. The group has declared itself to be dedicated to "resistance against the mass organizations of US imperialism and to their local collaborators."^[15] They believe that "the only terrorists are the US imperialist forces, their European allies, and their local capitalist associates."^[16]

Timeline

Greece
Date	Location	Deaths	Injuries	Type	Perpetrator	Description
2 September 1970	Athens	2	-	Car bomb	Anarchists	-- Diplomatic (United States) At 16:00 (UTC+2), a bomb -- planted inside a car -- exploded in the parking area of the United States Embassy on Queen Sophia Avenue in Athens, killing a man and a woman. Neither of the casualties were Embassy personnel. The two victims were allegedly responsible for making and transporting the bomb.[17][18]
5 August 1973	Athens	5	55	Grenade & Small arms fire	Black September (Palestinian nationalists)	-- Airports & Airlines 1973 Athens Hellinikon International Airport attack - Two Arab gunmen staged an armed assault on passengers near the Trans World Airlines lounge, within the Athens International Airport, killing five and wounding up to 60 others. Three foreigners (two Americans and an Austrian) were among the deceased. The initial target was intended to be passengers on a flight to Tel Aviv.[19][20][21]
24 February 1974	Lavrion	2	-	Improvised Explosive Device	People's Resistance Organized Army	-- Business A bomb at an American-owned Dow Chemical plant south of Athens killed two Army bomb disposal experts.[22]
23 December 1975	Athens	1	-	Small arms fire	17N (Marxist guerrillas)	-- Diplomatic (United States) Five men in a stolen Simca followed Richard Welch, U.S. Central Intelligence Agency's station chief in Athens, home as he returned from a Christmas party. While two men covered his wife and driver, a third shot him dead with a .45 Colt M1911 pistol at close range.[23]
17 January 1980	Athens	2	-	Small arms fire	17N (Marxist guerrillas)	-- Government institutions Pantelis Petrou, the deputy director of the Monades Apokatastasis Taksis (Riot police), was shot to death in an Athens suburb by three assailants using two 45mm pistols. A few days later Sotiris Stamoulis, his driver, also died from the wounds inflicted during the attack.[24]
31 July 1980	Athens	2	2	Small arms fire	ASALA (Armenian nationalists)	-- Diplomatic (Turkish) Armenian gunmen attacked the Turkish Embassy Administrative Attaché, Galip Ozmen, and his family as they were waiting in their automobile at a traffic light. Mr. Ozmen and his fourteen-year-old daughter, Neslihan Ozmen, were killed. His wife, Sevil Ozmen, and his sixteen-year-old son, Kaan Ozmen, were seriously wounded but survived.[25] Main article: 1980 Turkish embassy attack in Athens
21 July 1981	Athens	2	-	Small arms fire	Neo-fascists	-- Private citizens & property Two gunmen opened fire on the offices of the Angeli Koussis Shipping and Tourism Co., killing two employees of the firm.[26]
7 November 1983	Athens	1	1	Small arms fire		-- Diplomatic (Jordanian) A gunman shot two security guards in front of the Jordanian Embassy, in a tour alley near the Acropolis. One of the victims died of his injuries.[27]
15 November 1983	Athens	2	-	Small arms fire	17N (Marxist guerrillas)	-- Diplomatic (United States) George Tsantes, deputy chief of the U.S. military assistance mission (JUSMAGG), along with his driver Nick Veloutsos, were shot dead by two young people riding a motorcycle, using a .45 caliber pistol.[28]
28 March 1984	Athens	2	-	Small arms fire	Abu Nidal Organization	-- Diplomatic (British) British Cultural Attache and British Council representative Kenneth Whitty was killed in his car on an Athens street by a single gunman. His passenger, fellow British council employee Artemis Economidou, was seriously wounded and later succumbed to her injuries.[29][30]
2 February 1985	Athens	0	78	Time bomb	Greek Cypriots Ultranationalists	-- American military targets Cyprus associated ultranationalists bombed a bar popular with American airmen stationed nearby. Main article: 1985 Athens bar bombing
21 February 1985	Athens	2	-	Small arms fire	17N (Marxist guerrillas)	-- Business Major Greek center-right press publisher and banker, Nikolaos Momferatos, was shot and killed by a gunman. His driver, Panagiotis Rousetis, also died in the attack in the Athens suburb of Kolonaki.[31]
15 May 1985	Athens	3 +1	0	Shootout	Anti-State Struggle	On 15 May 1985 in Gyzi, near central Athens, three police officers investigating recent political murders detected a stolen motorcycle near Tsoutsouvis' apartment building. As they were investigating, Tsoutsouvis and an accomplice opened fire. Three police officers were killed in the exchange. Tsoutsouvis was also killed and his accomplice escaped.
1987	Athens	0	30	Car bomb	17N (Marxist guerrillas)	-- American military targets On two separate days, bomb attacks against buses carrying American soldiers injured 30 people in total. Main article: 1987 Greece bus attacks
26 November 1985	Athens	1	14	Car bomb	17N (Marxist guerrillas)	-- Government institutions A car-bomb explosion next to a Greek riot police bus in Kaisariani, Athens, kills police officer Ioannis Georgakopoulos and injures 14 more. The 17N proclamation states that the attack was made to avenge the death of 15-year-old Michalis Kaltezas during clashes at the day of the rally commemorating the public uprising that led to the fall of the Greek military junta.[32][33]
28 June 1988	Athens	1	-	Car bomb	17N (Marxist guerrillas)	-- Diplomatic (United States) A car bomb, detonated by remote control, kills the US naval attache in Athens. Capt. William Nordeen was killed instantly by the blast that originated in a vehicle parked by his house.[34]
11 July 1988	Athens	11 (one perp.)	98	Car bomb -- Grenade & Small arms fire	Abu Nidal Organization	-- Private citizens & property Three gunmen board the ship, City of Poros, as part of its normal intake of passengers at Aegina, and wait until the ship had left the port and is three miles into its journey before they attack, at approximately 20:30 (UTC+02:00). Using concealed automatic weapons and hand grenades, they opened fire on their fellow passengers, who scattered in panic, many jumping overboard, which inadvertently caused many casualties among people who became caught in the ship's propellers. Nine tourists are killed and up to 100 others are wounded. On the day of the attack, there were 471 people on board the ship. Earlier on the day of the attack, the pier that the City of Poros usually berthed at in Piraeus was rocked by the detonation of a large car bomb. The only fatalities were the two occupants of the vehicle.[35][36][37] See also: City of Poros ship attack
27 September 1989	Athens	1	-	Small arms fire	17N (Marxist guerrillas)	-- Government institutions Pavlos Bakoyannis, the spokes man of the leading political party at the time -- New Democracy -- is shot and killed in the hallway of his office in downtown Athens.[38]
12 March 1991	Athens	1	-	Improvised Explosive Device	17N (Marxist guerrillas)	-- Government institutions (Foreign: United States Military) United States Air Force member, Sgt. Ronald O. Stewart, is killed by a remotely detonated bomb outside his apartment in the seaside Athens suburb of Glyfada. Sgt. Stewart had been working at the United States Air Base at Hellenikon.[39]
19 April 1991	Patras	7	7	Improvised Explosive Device	Palestinian Nationalists (Union of Palestinian Students)	-- Private citizens & property A parcel bomb explodes in the offices of a courier service, killing seven people and wounding seven others in the western port city of Patras 1991 Patras bombing. Six of the dead were employees and the other a customer. The bombed building also housed offices of an American concern, United Parcel International, and is near the British Consulate.[40][41][42]
14 July 1992	Athens	1	5	Rocket propelled grenade fire	17N (Marxist guerrillas)	-- Government institutions The Greek Minister of Finance, Ioannis Paleokrassas, narrowly escapes assassination when terrorists launch a 3.5 inch RPG round at his armored limousine in broad daylight. The attack, near the center of Athens, kills a bystander and injures 5 other people, including Minister Paleokrassas. The Minister had been driving out of his office accompanied by his wife and daughter.[43]
24 January 1994	Athens	1	-	Small arms fire	17N (Marxist guerrillas)	-- Government institutions The former chairman of Greece's largest state-owned bank, Michalis Vranopoulos, is shot to death on an Athens street. He had been testifying in a judicial investigation into the bank's potentially fraudulent sale of a majority stake in a cement company.[44]
4 July 1994	Athens	1	-	Small arms fire	17N (Marxist guerrillas)	-- Diplomatic (Turkish) Deputy Chief of Mission at the Turkish Embassy in Athens, Ömer Haluk Sipahioğlu, is shot and killed on an Athens street. Authorities believe three men in a car pulled alongside the vehicle of the second-ranking Turkish diplomat in Greece and opened fire, killing him.[45][46]
28 May 1997	Athens	1	-	Small arms fire	17N (Marxist guerrillas)	-- Business Greek shipping tycoon, Constantine Peratikos, is shot to death in broad daylight on an Athens street. The group issued a manifesto claiming that Peratikos was targeted because he allegedly misused a large government bailout and threatened to close down his shipyard, which would have forced the layoff of 2,000 employees.[47]
17 November 1999	Athens	1	-	Improvised Explosive Device	Revolutionary Nuclei	-- Private citizens & property A Greek bystander is killed when a bomb explodes near the Intercontinental Hotel, where then United States President Bill Clinton was due to stay on a state visit to Greece.[48]
8 June 2000	Athens	1	-	Small arms fire	17N (Marxist guerrillas)	-- Diplomatic (British) At approximately 7:48 (UTC+2) two gunmen on a motorcycle shoot Brig. Stephen Saunders, the military attaché at the British Embassy in Athens, while he was driving alone on a busy suburban street to work at the British Embassy. The gunmen escaped in traffic. Brigadier Saunders died of his wounds at the hospital.[49][50][51]
17 June 2009	Athens	1	-	Small arms fire	Sect of Revolutionaries	-- Government institutions Several gunmen shoot a 41-year-old anti-terrorism officer several times at close range. The officer died in his car as the assailants fled on motorcycles in the densely populated Patissia area of Athens.[52]
28 July 2009	Athens metropolitan area	0	0	Improvised Explosive Device and firebombing	Illuminating Paths of Solidarity	-- Private citizens & government property Unknown assailants firebombed at least four New Democracy party offices in Koukaki, Attica,[53] others in Drapetsona,[54] Kaminia, Chalandri,[55] three PASOK offices in Votanikos and Goudi (both in Attica), being claimed by Illuminating Paths of Solidarity.[56]
28 March 2010	Athens	1	2	Improvised Explosive Device	Unknown	-- Private citizens & property A bomb exploded outside an institute for training public officials in the Patissia area of the Greek capital Athens, killing a 15-year-old boy. The boy's 10-year-old sister was seriously injured and their mother, 45, was slightly hurt. Police said the family, were apparently just walking past the building when the bomb, contained in a bag, exploded.[57][58]
24 June 2010	Athens	1	-	Improvised Explosive Device	Revolutionary Struggle	-- Government institutions A powerful bomb sent in a package to the minister of public order explodes near his office, killing his 50-year-old assistant, who opened the package. The minister, Michalis Chrysochoidis, who was in charge of the police and counter-terrorism as Minister of Public Order, Michalis was not in his office at the time.[59]
19 July 2010	Athens	1	-	Small arms fire	Sect of Revolutionaries	-- Journalists & Media The Greek reporter and radio station news director Sokratis Giolias was shot by leftist urban guerrillas. Their weapons were matched to earlier shootings by the Sect of Revolutionaries.[60] See also: Assassination of Sokratis Giolias
17 June 2012	Athens	0	0	Hand grenades	Unknown	-- Journalists & Media Unknown threw two hand grenades, which failed to explode, at the headquarters of Skai TV station.[61]
26 June 2012	Marousi,Athens	0	0	Firebombing	Deviant Conduct by the Spread of Revolutionary Terrorism	-- Political Gunmen drove a van to the Microsoft offices in Marousi, Athens, the blast of the van caused significant material damage. The office, was closed for one day.[62][63] The attack was claimed by an unknown guerrilla organization naming themselves: Deviant Conduct by the Spread of Revolutionary Terrorism.[64]
4 July 2013	Attica, Athens	0	0	Firebombing	Zero Tolerance	-- Political On 4 July an office belonging to Fevronia Patrianakou, a member of the parliament was firebombed, causing material damages. "Zero Tolerance", claimed the attack, said Patrianakou, member of New Democracy is part of their campaign to punish those who are contributing to the strengthening of the Greek government.[65][66] Zero Tolerance is an anarchist cell that has perpetrated attacks in the metropolitan area of Athens.[67][68]
1 November 2013	Athens	2	1	Small arms fire	The Fighting People's Revolutionary Powers	-- Political On 1 November 2013, two Golden Dawn members, Giorgos Fountoulis (27 years old) and Manos Kapelonis (22 years old), were shot dead outside the party's offices in Neo Irakleio, a northern suburb of Athens. A third one, Alexandros Gerontas, was severely injured. According to a Golden Dawn member, two men on a motorcycle wearing helmets fired into the group.[69][70] Two weeks later, the previously unknown "anti-establishment" group "The Fighting People's Revolutionary" Powers claimed responsibility for what it described characterized them as "political executions of the fascist members of the neo-Nazi Golden Dawn party".[71] See also: 2013 Neo Irakleio Golden Dawn office shooting
14 January 2014	Athens	0	0	Firebombing	Zero Tolerance	-- Political On 14 January, members of Zero Tolerance firebombed the office of the Interior Minister, Yiannis Michelakis, leaving important material damage.[72][73]
12 July 2014	Athens	0	0	Hand grenade	Nuclei Of Nullists	-- Journalists & Media The left-wing terrorist group threw a hand grenade, which failed to explode, at the headquarters of Skai TV station, in support for the left-wing terrorists Christodoulos Xiros and Nikos Maziotis.[74]
14 January 2015	Athens	0	0	Firebombing	Zero Tolerance	-- Political On 14 January, assailants blasts an office of Adonis Georgiadis a conservative Member of Parliament, which leaves material damages. Zero Tolerance claimed the attack in a statement and demanded the closure of "Type C" prisons.[75][76]
17 December 2018	Athens	0	0	Bombing	Popular Fighters Group	-- Journalists & Media On 17 December a bomb exploded in the headquarters of the media station Skai TV. There were no casualties but extensive damage was done to the building. The left-wing terrorist group Popular Fighters Group was behind the attack.[77] The militant group has been behind similar bomb attacks against the downtown Athens headquarters of the Federation of Greek Industries in November 2015.[78]
3 February 2024	Athens	0	0	Bombing	Revolutionary Class Self- Defense	-- Political A bomb exploded outside Ministry of Labour and a bank. The responsibility for the attack was claimed by a new organisation called 'Revolutionary Class Self-Defense'.[79]

See also

• Terrorism in Europe
• Islamic terrorism in Europe
• List of terrorist incidents
• Terrorism in the United States
• Hindu terrorism
  • Violence against Christians in India
• Left-wing terrorism
• Right-wing terrorism

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