Radnor (UK Parliament constituency)

Radnor or New Radnor (also called the Radnor District of Boroughs or Radnor Boroughs, especially after 1832) was a constituency in Wales between 1542 and 1885; it elected one Member of Parliament (MP) to the House of Commons of the Parliaments of England (1542–1707), Great Britain (1707–1800) and the United Kingdom (1801–1885), by the first past the post electoral system. In the Redistribution of Seats Act 1885, the division was merged into Radnorshire.

Radnor
Former borough constituency for the House of Commons
1542–1885
Replaced by	Radnorshire

Some very notable politicians represented the constituency in the House of Commons, including Robert Harley, later Earl of Oxford and Earl Mortimer, Sir George Cornewall Lewis, and the Marquess of Hartington, later 8th Duke of Devonshire.

History

Composition of the borough before the Reform Act

As elsewhere in Wales, the Laws in Wales Acts 1535 and 1542 provided Radnorshire with two members of parliament: one represented the county, and the other a borough constituency named after the county town but including other "contributory boroughs" who were jointly responsible for providing for the upkeep of the MP and, in return, were granted a say in his election. In both cases, the first return of a member was to the Parliament of 1542.

In Tudor times, seven towns apart from New Radnor itself seem to have been regarded at least occasionally as contributory boroughs: Cefnllys, Knighton, Knucklas, Norton, Painscastle, Presteigne and Rhayader. However, by the late 17th century, the exact rights were disputed, and the position was argued before a House of Commons committee after petitions against the result of elections in 1689 and 1690. The committee disallowed the votes from Presteigne and Painscastle (there seem to have been none from Norton to disallow), and thereafter the borough consisted only of New Radnor, Cefnllys, Knighton, Knucklas and Rhayader.

Franchise and character of the constituency

The right to vote in each of the component boroughs was restricted to the freemen of each town, who did not have to be resident within the borough to vote. The result was that honorary freemen were created solely to swing parliamentary elections, and the inhabitants of the towns which made up the constituency rarely had much say in the choice of MP. This abuse was well established in Radnor by the end of the 17th century (as in other constituencies, both in Wales and England, where honorary freemen could vote), and eventually broke the previously established domination of the Harley family over the constituency; but it was still a matter of grievance to the town in 1779, when the inhabitants complained of it to the House of Commons.

At New Radnor, the town corporation controlled the creation of freemen, but the Steward of the King's Manors had the corresponding power at Knighton, Rhayader and Knucklas. These two sources of power competed with the other main landed interest, that of the Price family, for domination of Radnor elections in the 18th century, but it was the Steward who generally got his way. Henry Lewis was steward from 1746 until his death in 1768 and his brother, Thomas Lewis, was MP from 1715 to 1761 (when he was unseated by the House of Commons because of technical errors in the registration of the freemen that supported him^[1]).

The new steward was the Earl of Oxford, but he was unable immediately to take control as the Durham Act of 1763 prevented honorary freeman from voting within a year of their creation; however, it transpired that Henry Lewis's patent as Steward had not been properly renewed on the accession of George III in 1760, so that all his more recent creations of freemen were invalid. This immediately undermined Thomas Lewis's majority, and at the 1768 election), although Thomas's son John was declared elected by the returning officer, the result was overturned on petition, the votes of the faultily-created freemen were disallowed, and his opponent Edward Lewis (no relation) was declared elected instead.

By 1774, Oxford's newly created freemen were qualified to vote, but the returning officer (remaining loyal to Thomas Lewis) attempted to disallow the votes of all non-resident freemen. Once more the defeated Edward Lewis petitioned against the result, and was once more successful, the committee deciding that the non-resident freemen of New Radnor and Cefnllys were not entitled to vote but that those of the other three boroughs were; and even in New Radnor and Cefnllys the rights of the non-residents seem to have been restored at the following election. In 1780, the returning officer made a double return, and the Commons decided again in Edward Lewis's favour. From this point onwards, for at least the next thirty years, the Earl's right (and that of his son) to be considered "patron" of the constituency was unchallenged; when in 1790 he withdrew his support from Edward Lewis and instead backed David Murray, Murray defeated Lewis by a two-to-one margin. However, in the last two decades before Reform Richard Price (already the sitting MP) had expanded his personal and family influence sufficiently to be sure of re-election independent of the Oxford interest.

The nature of the franchise dictated that the electorate of the constituency fluctuated considerably over the years, rising when a new creation of freemen was needed to change the balance of voting power, dwindling when the majority was secure since fewer voters made elections cheaper and the constituency easier to manage. In the 1750s there were around 1,000 qualified voters, and as late as 1790 a total of 922 – mostly non-residents – turned out to vote; but the only contested election between then and 1869 was the general election of 1820, when only 268 voters polled.

Reform and abolition

By 1831, none of the component boroughs was of any considerable size: New Radnor had a population of approximately 2,500, Knighton of 1,076, Rhayader of 669, Knucklas of 236 and Cefnllys of only 28. Under the Great Reform Act the constituency kept its one MP, but Presteigne (which had for centuries been recognised as the county town) was added as a contributory borough, and Rhayader's boundaries were slightly extended. This raised the total population of the constituency to around 6,355, and under the revised franchise there were 529 electors on the register at the 1832 election.

In the entire period between the first and second Reform Acts there was no contested election for the Radnor boroughs. The 1868 reforms doubled the electorate, and from this point onwards the constituency proved a safe seat for the Liberal candidate whenever a contest was held.

The constituency was abolished in the redistribution of seats in 1885, being merged into the Radnorshire county constituency.

Members of Parliament

1542–1640

Parliament	Member
1545	Thomas Lewis[2]
1547	Thomas Lewis[2]
1553 (Mar)	not known
1553 (Oct)	Rhys Lewis[2]
1554 (Apr)	Robert Vaughan[2]
1554 (Nov)	Robert Vaughan[2]
1555	Richard Blike[2]
1558	Rhys Lewis[2]
1559	Robert Vaughan[3]
1562–3	Morgan Price[3]
1571	Rhys Lewis II[3]
1572	Watkin Vaughan[3]
1584	Hugh Davies[3]
1586	Hugh Davies[3]
1588	James Walter[3]
1593	Thomas Crompton[3]
1597	Edward Lewis[3]
1601	Stephen Price[3]
1604–1611	Sir Robert Harley
1614	Rowland Meyrick
1621–1629	Charles Price
1629–1640	No Parliaments summoned

1640–1885

Election		Member	Party
April 1640		Richard Jones
November 1640		Philip Warwick	Royalist
February 1644	Warwick disabled to sit – seat vacant
1647		Robert Harley
December 1648	Harley excluded in Pride's Purge – seat vacant
1653	Radnor was unrepresented in the Barebones Parliament and the First and Second Parliaments of the Protectorate
January 1659		Robert Weaver
May 1659	Unrepresented in the restored Rump
April 1660		Robert Harley
1661		Edward Harley
1679		Griffith Jones
1681		Sir John Morgan
1685		Owen Wynne
1689		Richard Williams
March 1690		Sir Rowland Gwynne[notes 1]
November 1690		Robert Harley	Country Whig
1711		Lord Harley	Tory
1715		Thomas Lewis	Whig
1761[4]		Edward Lewis	Tory
1768[4]		John Lewis[notes 2]
1769[4]		Edward Lewis
1774[4]		John Lewis[notes 3]
1775[4]		Edward Lewis
1780[4]		John Lewis[notes 4]
1781[4]		Edward Lewis
1790		David Murray
1794		Viscount Malden
1799		Richard Price	Tory[5]
1834			Conservative[5]
1847		Sir Thomas Frankland Lewis	Peelite[6]
1855		Sir George Cornewall Lewis	Whig[7][8][9]
1859			Liberal
1863		Richard Green-Price	Liberal
1869		Marquess of Hartington[notes 5]	Liberal
1880 by-election		Samuel Williams	Liberal
1884 by-election		Charles Rogers	Liberal
1885	Constituency abolished – see Radnorshire

Notes

1. Gwynne was initially declared the victor at the 1690 election, but on petition the towns of Presteigne and Painscastle were declared not to have the right to vote, and Gwynne's opponent Harley was declared duly elected instead
2. On petition following the 1768 election, John Lewis was declared not to have been duly elected and his opponent, Edward Lewis, was seated in his place
3. On petition following the 1774 election, John Lewis was declared not to have been duly elected and his opponent, Edward Lewis, was seated in his place
4. On petition following the 1780 election, John Lewis was declared not to have been duly elected and his opponent, Edward Lewis, was seated in his place
5. Hartington was re-elected in 1880, but had also been elected for North East Lancashire, which he chose to represent, and did not sit again for the Radnor boroughs

Election results

Elections in the 1830s

General election 1830: Radnor^[5][10]

Party		Candidate	Votes	%
	Tory	Richard Price	Unopposed
Registered electors			c. 350
	Tory hold

General election 1831: Radnor^[5][10]

Party		Candidate	Votes	%
	Tory	Richard Price	Unopposed
Registered electors			c. 350
	Tory hold

General election 1832: Radnor^[5][11]

Party		Candidate	Votes	%
	Tory	Richard Price	Unopposed
Registered electors			529
	Tory hold

General election 1835: Radnor^[5][11]

Party		Candidate	Votes	%
	Conservative	Richard Price	Unopposed
Registered electors			517
	Conservative hold

General election 1837: Radnor^[5][11]

Party		Candidate	Votes	%
	Conservative	Richard Price	Unopposed
Registered electors			551
	Conservative hold

Elections in the 1840s

General election 1841: Radnor^[11]

Party		Candidate	Votes	%	±%
	Conservative	Richard Price	Unopposed
Registered electors			500
	Conservative hold

General election 1847: Radnor^[11]

Party		Candidate	Votes	%	±%
	Peelite	Thomas Frankland Lewis	Unopposed
Registered electors			462
	Peelite gain from Conservative

Elections in the 1850s

General election 1852: Radnor^[11]

Party		Candidate	Votes	%	±%
	Peelite	Thomas Frankland Lewis	Unopposed
Registered electors			484
	Peelite hold

Lewis' death caused a by-election.

By-election, 8 February 1855: Radnor^[11]

Party		Candidate	Votes	%	±%
	Whig	George Cornewall Lewis	Unopposed
	Whig gain from Peelite

Lewis was appointed Chancellor of the Exchequer, requiring a by-election.

By-election, 5 March 1855: Radnor^[11]

Party		Candidate	Votes	%	±%
	Whig	George Cornewall Lewis	Unopposed
	Whig gain from Peelite

General election 1857: Radnor^[11]

Party		Candidate	Votes	%	±%
	Whig	George Cornewall Lewis	Unopposed
Registered electors			447
	Whig gain from Peelite

General election 1859: Radnor^[11]

Party		Candidate	Votes	%	±%
	Liberal	George Cornewall Lewis	Unopposed
Registered electors			407
	Liberal hold

Lewis was appointed Home Secretary, requiring a by-election.

By-election, 27 June 1859: Radnor^[11]

Party		Candidate	Votes	%	±%
	Liberal	George Cornewall Lewis	Unopposed
	Liberal hold

Elections in the 1860s

Lewis' death caused a by-election.

By-election, 25 April 1863: Radnor^[11]

Party		Candidate	Votes	%	±%
	Liberal	Richard Green-Price	Unopposed
	Liberal hold

General election 1865: Radnor^[11]

Party		Candidate	Votes	%	±%
	Liberal	Richard Green-Price	Unopposed
Registered electors			443
	Liberal hold

General election 1868: Radnor^[11]

Party		Candidate	Votes	%	±%
	Liberal	Richard Green-Price	Unopposed
Registered electors			841
	Liberal hold

Green-Price's resignation caused a by-election.

By-election, 25 February 1869: Radnor^[11]

Party		Candidate	Votes	%	±%
	Liberal	Spencer Cavendish	546	75.7	N/A
	Conservative	George Henry Phillips[12]	175	24.3	New
Majority			371	51.4	N/A
Turnout			721	85.7	N/A
Registered electors			841
	Liberal hold

Elections in the 1870s

General election 1874: Radnor^[11]

Party		Candidate	Votes	%	±%
	Liberal	Spencer Cavendish	612	79.1	N/A
	Conservative	George W Cockburn[13]	162	20.9	N/A
Majority			450	58.2	N/A
Turnout			774	80.0	N/A
Registered electors			968
	Liberal hold

Elections in the 1880s

General election 1880: Radnor^[11]

Party		Candidate	Votes	%	±%
	Liberal	Spencer Cavendish	Unopposed
Registered electors			945
	Liberal hold

Cavendish was also elected MP for North East Lancashire and opted to sit there, causing a by-election.

By-election, 17 May 1880: Radnor^[11]

Party		Candidate	Votes	%	±%
	Liberal	Samuel Williams	458	54.0	N/A
	Conservative	Cecil Alfred Tufton Otway[14]	390	46.0	New
Majority			68	8.0	N/A
Turnout			848	89.7	N/A
Registered electors			945
	Liberal hold

Williams resigned, causing a by-election.

By-election, 30 Oct 1884: Radnor^[11]

Party		Candidate	Votes	%	±%
	Liberal	Charles Coltman-Rogers	Unopposed
	Liberal hold

References

1. Page 278, Lewis Namier, The Structure of Politics at the Accession of George III (2nd edition – London: St Martin's Press, 1957)
2. "History of Parliament". History of Parliament Trust. Retrieved 28 November 2011.
3. "History of Parliament". History of Parliament Trust. Retrieved 28 November 2011.
4. John Brooke (1964). "New Radnor Boroughs". In Namier, Sir Lewis; Brooke, John (eds.). The House of Commons 1754–1790. The History of Parliament Trust. Retrieved 6 November 2022.
5. Stooks Smith, Henry (1845). The Parliaments of England, from 1st George I., to the Present Time. Vol II: Oxfordshire to Wales Inclusive. London: Simpkin, Marshall, & Co. pp. 202–203. Retrieved 5 May 2020 – via Internet Archive.
6. Conacher, J. B. (1987). Britain and the Crimea, 1855–56: Problems of War and Peace (eBook ed.). New York City: Palgrave Macmillan. p. 25. doi:10.1007/978-1-349-18999-1. ISBN 978-1-349-18999-1.
7. "The Peers and the Press". Gloucester Journal. 7 August 1847. p. 3 – via British Newspaper Archive.
8. "Political Terms". The Spectator. 18 June 1898. p. 18.
9. Hawkins, Angus (1987). Parliament, Party and the Art of Politics in Britain, 1855–59 (eBook ed.). Basingstoke: Macmillan Press. p. 30. doi:10.1007/978-1-349-08925-3. ISBN 978-1-349-08925-3.
10. Escott, Margaret. "New Radnor Boroughs". The History of Parliament. Retrieved 5 May 2020.
11. Craig, F. W. S., ed. (1977). British Parliamentary Election Results 1832-1885 (e-book) (1st ed.). London: Macmillan Press. pp. 512–513. ISBN 978-1-349-02349-3.
12. "Local Intelligence". Aberystwyth Times. 30 January 1869. p. 4 – via British Newspaper Archive.
13. "Radnor Borough". Jersey Independent and Daily Telegraph. 3 February 1874. p. 2 – via British Newspaper Archive.
14. "Captain Cecil Afred Tufton Otway". Western Daily Press. 22 August 1884. p. 6 – via British Newspaper Archive.

Sources

• Leigh Rayment's Historical List of MPs – Constituencies beginning with "R" (part 1)
• W. R. Williams The Parliamentary History of the Principality of Wales
• Robert Beatson, A Chronological Register of Both Houses of Parliament (London: Longman, Hurst, Res & Orme, 1807)
• D Brunton & D H Pennington, Members of the Long Parliament (London: George Allen & Unwin, 1954)
• Cobbett's Parliamentary history of England, from the Norman Conquest in 1066 to the year 1803 (London: Thomas Hansard, 1808)
• F W S Craig, British Parliamentary Election Results 1832–1885 (2nd edition, Aldershot: Parliamentary Research Services, 1989)
• T. H. B. Oldfield, The Representative History of Great Britain and Ireland (London: Baldwin, Cradock & Joy, 1816)
• Edward Porritt and Annie G Porritt, The Unreformed House of Commons (Cambridge University Press, 1903)
• Robert Walcott, English Politics in the Early Eighteenth Century (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1956)