Polari (from Italian parlare 'to talk') is a form of slang or cant historically used in Britain by some actors, circus and fairground performers, professional wrestlers, merchant navy sailors, criminals and sex workers, and particularly among the gay subculture. There is some debate about its origins,[2] but it can be traced to at least the 19th century and possibly as early as the 16th century.[3] Polari has a long-standing connection with Punch and Judy street puppeteers, who traditionally used it to converse.[4]
Terminology
Alternative spellings include Parlare, Parlary, Palare, Palarie and Palari.
Description
Polari is a mixture of Romance (Italian[5] or Mediterranean Lingua Franca), Romani, rhyming slang, sailors' slang and thieves' cant, which later expanded to contain words from Yiddish and 1960s drug subculture slang. It was constantly evolving, with a small core lexicon of about 20 words, including: bona (good),[6] ajax (nearby), eek (face), cod (bad, in the sense of tacky or vile), naff (bad, in the sense of drab or dull, though borrowed into mainstream British English with a meaning more like that of cod), lattie (room, house, flat), nanti (not, no), omi (man), palone (woman), riah (hair), zhoosh or tjuz (smarten up, stylise), TBH ('to be had', sexually accessible), trade (sex) and vada (see).[7] There were once two distinct forms of Polari in London: an East End version which stressed Cockney rhyming slang and a West End version which stressed theatrical and classical influences. There was some interchange between the two.[8]
Usage
From the 19th century on, Polari was used in London fish markets, theatres, fairgrounds, and circuses, hence the many borrowings from Romani.[9] As many homosexual men worked in theatrical entertainment, it was also used among the gay subculture to disguise homosexuals from hostile outsiders and undercover policemen. It was also used extensively in the British Merchant Navy, where many gay men worked as waiters, stewards, and entertainers.[10]
Although William Shakespeare used the term bona (good, attractive) in Henry IV, Part 2 as part of the expression bona roba (a woman wearing an attractive outfit),[11] "little written evidence of Polari before the 1890s" exists according to Oxford English Dictionary associate editor Peter Gilliver. The dictionary's entry for rozzer (policeman) includes a quote from P. H. Emerson's 1893 book Signor Lippo – Burnt Cork Artiste:[12] "If the rozzers was to see him in bona clobber they'd take him for a gun" ("If the police were to see him dressed in this fine manner, they would know that he is a thief").[11]
The almost identical Parlyaree has been spoken in fairgrounds since at least the 17th century[13] and is still used by show travellers in England and Scotland. As theatrical booths, circus acts, and menageries were once common parts of European fairs, it is likely that the roots of Polari/Parlyaree lie in the period before both theatre and circus became independent of fairgrounds. The Parlyaree spoken on fairgrounds tends to borrow much more from Romani, as well as other languages and cants spoken by travelling people, such as thieves' cant and back slang.
Henry Mayhew gave an account of Polari as part of an interview with a Punch and Judy showman in the 1850s. The discussion he recorded references Punch's arrival in England, crediting these early shows to an Italian performer called Porcini (John Payne Collier's account calls him Porchini, a literal rendering of the Italian pronunciation).[14] Mayhew provides the following:
Punch Talk
"Bona Parle" means language; name of patter. "Yeute munjare" – no food. "Yeute lente" – no bed. "Yeute bivare" – no drink. I've "yeute munjare", and "yeute bivare", and, what's worse, "yeute lente". This is better than the costers' talk, because that ain't no slang and all, and this is a broken Italian, and much higher than the costers' lingo. We know what o'clock it is, besides.[4]
There are additional accounts of particular words that relate to puppet performance: "'Slumarys' – figures, frame, scenes, properties. 'Slum' – call, or unknown tongue"[4] ("unknown" is a reference to the "swazzle", a voice modifier used by Punch performers).
Decline
Polari had begun to fall into disuse among the gay subculture by the late 1960s. The popularity of the BBC radio comedy Round the Horne, with its camp gay characters Julian and Sandy, ensured that some of the Polari terms they used became public knowledge.[15] The need for a secret means of communication in the subculture also declined with the partial decriminalisation of adult homosexual acts in England and Wales under the Sexual Offences Act 1967; in the 1970s, the gay liberation movement began to view Polari as old-fashioned and perpetuating harmful camp stereotypes.[16]
Mainstream usage
A number of words from Polari have entered mainstream slang. The list below includes words in general use with the meanings listed: acdc, barney, blag, butch, camp, khazi, cottaging, hoofer, mince, ogle, scarper, slap, strides, tod, [rough] trade.
The Polari word naff, meaning inferior or tacky, has an uncertain etymology. Michael Quinion says it is probably from the 16th-century Italian word gnaffa, meaning "a despicable person".[17] There are a number of false etymologies, many based on backronyms—"Not Available For Fucking", "Normal As Fuck", etc. The phrase "naff off" was used euphemistically in place of "fuck off" along with the intensifier "naffing" in Keith Waterhouse's Billy Liar (1959).[18] Usage of "naff" increased in the 1970s when the television sitcom Porridge employed it as an alternative to expletives which were not broadcastable at the time.[17] Princess Anne allegedly told a reporter to "naff off" at the Badminton horse trials in April 1982,[19] however, the photographers who were present have since stated that this was a censored version of what she actually said.[20]
"Zhoosh" (/ʒʊʃ, ʒuːʃ/;[21] alternatively spelled "zhuzh," "jeuje," and a number of other variety spellings[22]), meaning to smarten up, style or improve something, became commonplace in the mid-2000s, having been used in the 2003 United States TV series Queer Eye for the Straight Guy and What Not to Wear.[citation needed] "Jush", an alternative spelling of the word, was popularised by drag queen Jasmine Masters after her appearance on the seventh series of RuPaul's Drag Race in 2015.[23][24]
Legacy and revival
Since the late 20th and early 21st century, there has been a renewed interest in Polari, especially as a part of LGBTQ+ heritage.[25][26][27] Gay's the Word has held workshops in Polari, the Sisters of Perpetual Indulgence have translated the Bible into Polari,[28] and Madame Jo Jo's nightclub in Soho taught its staff to speak Polari.[29]
Linguist Paul Baker attributes increased interest in Polari primarily to the growing body of academic work on the subject.[25][26] Author George Reiner explains that "the revival of a language like Polari offers the possibility of an alternate queer linguistic space" at a time when closing LGBTQ+ venues and dating apps have reduced queer social spaces.[26]
In 2007, writer and activist Paul Burston launched Polari Literary Salon in London to platform LGBTQ+ writers. He launched the Polari First Book Prize in 2011. This was followed by the Polari Prize for LGBTQ+ writers at all stages of their career in 2019 and the Polari Children's & YA Prize in 2022.[30][31] Other organisations have also taken names inspired by Polari, such as Polari Magazine,[32] Vada Magazine,[33] and VADA LGBTQ Community Theatre Company.[34]
In 2012 and 2013, Manchester artists Jez Dolan and Joe Richardson presented a performance-based tour and exhibition titled Polari Mission, which explored LGBTQ+ history and language use in the UK. This was presented at The John Rylands Library and Contact Theatre.[35] In 2015, Dolan also translated sections of the 1957 Wolfenden Report into Polari for a commission from the UK Parliament.[36][37] Dolan and Richardson also worked with Paul Baker to produce a 500-word dictionary of Polari as an app.[38]
In December 2016, to launch LGBT+ History Month 2017 and celebrate the 50th anniversary of the 1967 Sexual Offences Act, poet Adam Lowe performed his Polari poem "Vada That" in Parliament's Speaker's House with accompaniment by musician Nikki Franklin.[39] In 2017, a service at Westcott House, Cambridge was conducted in Polari. Trainee priests held the service to commemorate LGBT History Month; following media attention, Chris Chivers, the principal, expressed his regret.[40][41][42][43]
In 2019, Reaktion Books published Paul Baker's third book on Polari, Fabulosa!: The Story of Polari, Britain's Secret Gay Language.[44][45] His first two books on the subject (Polari: Fantabulosa: A Dictionary of Polari and Gay Slang and Polari: The Lost Language of Gay Men) were published in 2002 and 2003, respectively.[46]
In popular culture
- Polari (spelt "Polare") was popularised on the 1960s BBC radio show Round the Horne. The camp gay Polari-speaking characters Julian and Sandy were played by Hugh Paddick and Kenneth Williams.[47]
- In the Doctor Who serial Carnival of Monsters (1973), Vorg, a showman, attempts to converse with the Doctor in Polari.[48]
- Ralph Filthy, a theatrical agent played by Nigel Planer in the BBC TV series Filthy Rich & Catflap, regularly used Polari.[49]
- In 1990 Morrissey released the single "Piccadilly Palare" containing a number of lyrics in Polari and exploring a subculture in which Polari was used. "Piccadilly Palare" later appeared on his compilation album Bona Drag, whose title is also taken from Polari.[50]
- In Doom Patrol, Danny the Street often speaks Polari.[51]
- In his 1995 novel, Behind Closed Doors, Coronation Street creator Tony Warren depicts his characters using Polari on the gay scene of 1950s Manchester.[52]
- In the 1998 film Velvet Goldmine, two characters speak Polari in a London nightclub. The scene has English subtitles in the American release of the film.[16]
- In 2018, George Reiner and Penny Burkett, published cruising for lavs, written mostly in Polari.[25]
- In 2019, the first opera in Polari, The Sins of the Cities of the Plain (based on the book of the same title), premiered at Espacio Turina in Seville, Spain. The libretto was written in Polari by librettist and playwright Fabrizio Funari and the music is by Germán Alonso.[53]
- The same year, the English-language localisation of the Japanese video game Dragon Quest Builders 2 included a character called Jules, who spoke in Polari with non-standard capitalisation.[54][55]
- In the 2020 film Roald & Beatrix: The Tail of the Curious Mouse, a young Roald Dahl runs away from home and meets "a silver-tongued, Polari-speaking eccentric who may be a figment of the boy's imagination" played by Bill Bailey.[56]
- In 2023, Peepal Tree Press published Adam Lowe's debut poetry collection Patterflash, which features a number of Polari poems. The title is translated in the book's glossary as "Gossip, chat, ostentatious or pretentious speech; the lyrics pouring out of my gob".[57]
- In the fourth episode of Funny Woman (2024), characters discuss BBC Radio using Polari in Round the Horne and visit a comedy club where gay and entertainment-industry characters converse in Polari.[58]
Glossary
Numbers:
| Number | Definition | Italian numbers |
|---|---|---|
| medza, medzer | half | mezza |
| una, oney | one | uno |
| dooey | two | due |
| tray | three | tre |
| quarter | four | quattro |
| chinker | five | cinque |
| say | six | sei |
| say oney, setter | seven | sette |
| say dooey, otter | eight | otto |
| say tray, nobber | nine | nove |
| daiture | ten | dieci |
| long dedger, lepta | eleven | undici |
| kenza | twelve | dodici |
| chenter[44] | one hundred | cento |
Some words or phrases that may derive from Polari (this is an incomplete list):
| Word | Definition |
|---|---|
| acdc, bibi | bisexual[59]: 49 |
| ajax | nearby (shortened form of "adjacent to")[59]: 49 |
| alamo! | they're attractive! (via acronym "LMO" meaning "Lick Me Out!")[59]: 52, 59 |
| arva | to have sex (from Italian chiavare, to screw)[60] |
| aunt nell | listen![59]: 52 |
| aunt nells | ears[59]: 45 |
| aunt nelly fakes | earrings[59]: 59, 60 |
| barney | a fight[59]: 164 |
| bat, batts, bates | shoes[59]: 164 |
| bevvy | drink (diminutive of "beverage")[6] |
| bitch | effeminate or passive gay man |
| bijou | small/little (from French, jewel)[59]: 57 |
| bitaine | whore (French putain) |
| blag | pick up[59]: 46 |
| bold | homosexual[60] |
| bona | good[59]: 26, 32, 85 |
| bona nochy | goodnight (from Italian – buona notte)[59]: 52 |
| butch | masculine; masculine lesbian[59]: 167 |
| buvare | a drink; something drinkable (from Italian – bere or old-fashioned Italian – bevere or Lingua Franca bevire)[59]: 167 |
| cackle | talk/gossip[59]: 168 |
| camp | effeminate (possibly from Italian campare or campeggiare "emphasise, make stand out") (possibly from the phrase 'camp follower' those itinerants who followed behind the men in uniform/highly decorative dress) |
| capello, capella, capelli, kapella | hat (from Italian – cappello)[59]: 168 |
| carsey, karsey, khazi | toilet[59]: 168 |
| cartes | penis (from Italian – cazzo)[59]: 97 |
| cats | trousers[59]: 168 |
| charper | to search or to look (from Italian acchiappare, to catch)[59]: 168 |
| charpering omi | policeman |
| charver | sexual intercourse[59]: 46 |
| chicken | young man |
| clevie | vagina[61] |
| clobber | clothes[59]: 138, 139, 169 |
| cod | bad[59]: 169 |
| corybungus | backside, posterior[61] |
| cottage | a public lavatory used for sexual encounters (public lavatories in British parks and elsewhere were often built in the style of a Tudor cottage) |
| cottaging | seeking or obtaining sexual encounters in public lavatories |
| cove | taxi[59]: 61 |
| dhobi / dhobie / dohbie | wash (from Hindi, dohb)[59]: 171 |
| Dilly boy | a male prostitute, from Piccadilly boy |
| Dilly, the | Piccadilly, a place where trolling went on |
| dinari | money (Latin 'denarii' was the 'd' of the pre decimal penny. This word is cognate with the Spanish word 'dinero' also meaning money)[62] |
| dish | buttocks[59]: 45 |
| dolly | pretty, nice, pleasant, (from Irish dóighiúil/Scottish Gaelic dòigheil, handsome, pronounced 'doil') |
| dona | woman (perhaps from Italian donna or Lingua Franca dona)[59]: 26 |
| ecaf | face (backslang)[59]: 58, 210 |
| eek/eke[44] | face (abbreviation of ecaf)[59]: 58, 210 |
| ends | hair[6] |
| esong, sedon | nose (backslang)[59]: 31 |
| fambles | hands[61] |
| fantabulosa | fabulous/wonderful |
| farting crackers | trousers[61] |
| feele / feely / filly | child/young (from the Italian figlio, for son) |
| feele omi / feely omi | young man |
| flowery | lodgings, accommodations[61] |
| fogus | tobacco |
| fortuni | gorgeous, beautiful[61] |
| fruit | gay man |
| funt | pound £ (Yiddish) |
| fungus | old man/beard[61] |
| gelt | money (Yiddish) |
| handbag | money |
| hoofer | dancer |
| HP (homy palone) | effeminate gay man |
| irish | wig (from rhyming slang, "Irish jig") |
| jarry | food, also mangarie (from Italian mangiare or Lingua Franca mangiaria) |
| jubes | breasts |
| kaffies | trousers |
| lacoddy, lucoddy | body |
| lallies / lylies | legs, sometimes also knees (as in "get down on yer lallies") |
| lallie tappers | feet |
| latty / lattie | room, house or flat |
| lau | lay or place upon[63] |
| lavs | words[64] (Irish: labhairt to speak) |
| lills | hands |
| lilly | police (Lilly Law) |
| lyles | legs (prob. from "Lisle stockings") |
| luppers | fingers (from Yiddish lapa – paw) |
| mangarie | food, also jarry (from Italian mangiare or Lingua Franca mangiaria) |
| manky | worthless, dirty (from Italian mancare – "to be lacking")[65] |
| martinis | hands |
| measures | money |
| medza/medzer | half (from Italian mezzo) |
| medzered | divided[66] |
| meese | plain, ugly (from Yiddish mieskeit, in turn from Hebrew מָאוּס repulsive, loathsome, despicable, abominable) |
| meshigener | nutty, crazy, mental (from Yiddish 'meshugge', in turn from Hebrew מְשֻׁגָּע crazy) |
| meshigener carsey | church[64] |
| metzas | money (from Italian mezzi, "means, wherewithal") |
| mince | walk affectedly |
| mollying | involved in the act of sex[67] |
| mogue | deceive |
| munge | darkness |
| naff | awful, dull, hetero |
| nana | evil |
| nanti | not, no, none (from Italian, niente) |
| national handbag | dole, welfare, government financial assistance |
| nishta | nothing[6] from yiddish nishto נישטא meaning nothing |
| ogle | look admiringly |
| ogles | eyes |
| oglefakes | glasses |
| omi | man (from Romance) |
| omi-palone | effeminate man, or homosexual |
| onk | nose (cf "conk") |
| orbs | eyes |
| orderly daughters | police |
| oven | mouth (nanti pots in the oven = no teeth in the mouth) |
| palare / polari pipe | telephone ("talk pipe") |
| palliass | back |
| park, parker | give |
| plate | feet (Cockney rhyming slang "plates of meat"); to fellate |
| palone | woman (Italian paglione – "straw mattress"; cf. old Cant hay-bag – "woman"); also spelled "polony" in Graham Greene's 1938 novel Brighton Rock |
| palone-omi | lesbian |
| pots | teeth |
| quongs | testicles |
| reef | touch |
| remould | sex change |
| rozzer | policeman[11] |
| riah / riha | hair (backslang) |
| riah zhoosher | hairdresser |
| rough trade | a working class or blue collar sex partner or potential sex partner; a tough, thuggish or potentially violent sex partner |
| scarper | to run off (from Italian scappare, to escape or run away or from rhyming slang Scapa Flow, to go) |
| scharda | shame (from German schade, "a shame" or "a pity") |
| schlumph | drink |
| schmutter | apparel[68] from Yiddish shmatte שמאטע meaning rag |
| schooner | bottle |
| scotch | leg (scotch egg=leg) |
| screech | mouth, speak |
| screeve | write[68] (either from Irish scríobh/Scottish Gaelic sgrìobh, Scots scrieve to write or italian 'scrivere' meaning to write) |
| sharpy | policeman (from – charpering omi) |
| sharpy polone | policewoman |
| shush | steal (from client) |
| shush bag | hold-all |
| shyker / shyckle | wig (mutation of the Yiddish sheitel) |
| slap | makeup |
| so | homosexual (e.g. "Is he 'so'?") |
| stimps | legs |
| stimpcovers | stockings, hosiery |
| strides | trousers |
| strillers | piano |
| switch | wig |
| TBH (to be had) | prospective sexual conquest |
| thews | thighs |
| tober | road (a Shelta word, Irish bóthar); temporary site for a circus, carnival |
| todd (Sloan) or tod | alone |
| tootsie trade | sex between two passive homosexuals (as in: 'I don't do tootsie trade') |
| trade | sex, sex-partner, potential sex-partner |
| troll | to walk about (esp. looking for trade) |
| vada / varder | to see (from Italian dialect vardare = guardare – look at)
vardered – vardering |
| vera (lynn) | gin |
| vogue | cigarette (from Lingua Franca fogus – "fire, smoke") |
| vogueress | female smoker |
| wallop | dance[69] |
| willets | breasts |
| yeute | no, none |
| yews | (from French "yeux") eyes |
| zhoosh | style hair, tart up, mince (cf. Romani zhouzho – "clean, neat") zhoosh our riah – style our hair |
| zhooshy | showy |
Usage examples
Omies and palones of the jury, vada well at the eek of the poor ome who stands before you, his lallies trembling. – taken from "Bona Law", one of the Julian and Sandy sketches from Round The Horne, written by Barry Took and Marty Feldman
- Translation: "Men and women of the jury, look well at the face of the poor man who stands before you, his legs trembling."
So bona to vada...oh you! Your lovely eek and your lovely riah. – taken from "Piccadilly Palare", a song by Morrissey
- Translation: "So good to see...oh you! Your lovely face and your lovely hair."
As feely ommes...we would zhoosh our riah, powder our eeks, climb into our bona new drag, don our batts and troll off to some bona bijou bar. In the bar we would stand around with our sisters, vada the bona cartes on the butch omme ajax who, if we fluttered our ogle riahs at him sweetly, might just troll over to offer a light for the unlit vogue clenched between our teeth. – taken from Parallel Lives, the memoirs of renowned gay journalist Peter Burton
- Translation: "As young men...we would style our hair, powder our faces, climb into our great new clothes, don our shoes and wander/walk off to some great little bar. In the bar we would stand around with our gay companions, look at the great genitals on the butch man nearby who, if we fluttered our eyelashes at him sweetly, might just wander/walk over to offer a light for the unlit cigarette clenched between our teeth."
In the Are You Being Served? episode "The Old Order Changes", Captain Peacock asks Mr Humphries to get "some strides for the omi with the naff riah" (i.e., trousers for the fellow with the unstylish hair).[70]
See also
- African-American Vernacular English (sometimes called Ebonics)
- Bahasa Binan
- Boontling
- Caló (Chicano)
- Carny, North American fairground cant
- Gayle language
- Gay slang
- Grypsera
- IsiNgqumo
- Lavender linguistics
- Lunfardo and Vesre
- Mediterranean Lingua Franca
- Pajubá
- Julian and Sandy
- Rotwelsch
- Shelta
- Swardspeak, argot used by LGBT people in the Philippines
- Verlan
- Lubunca
References
Bibliography
External links
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