Neuropeptide VF precursor

Neuropeptide VF precursor, also known as pro-FMRFamide-related neuropeptide VF or RFamide-related peptide precursor, is a propeptide that in mammals is encoded by the NPVF (or RPFP) gene. The NPVF gene, and thus the propeptide, are expressed in neurons in the mediobasal hypothalamus.^[1] The propeptide is cleaved to form three other peptides, which are:^[2][3]

• Neuropeptide SF (NPSF) (RFRP-1) – agonist of the NPFF₁ and NPFF₂ receptors (EC₅₀ = 29 nM and 0.0011 nM, respectively)
• RFRP-2 – does not bind to either of the NPFF receptors; no known biological activity
• Neuropeptide VF (NPVF) (RFRP-3) – agonist of the NPFF₁ receptor (IC₅₀ = 0.7 nM)

Neuropeptide VF precursor
Identifiers
Symbol	NPVF
Alt. symbols	RPFP
HGNC	13782

NPSF and NPVF, originally referred to as the RFamide-related peptides RFRP-1 and RFRP-3, respectively,^[4] are the mammalian homologs of the avian neuropeptide gonadotropin-inhibitory hormone (GnIH).^[2] The mammalian NPVF and avian GnIH genes, along with their aforementioned peptide products, were discovered concurrently in 2000.^[1][2] Similarly to the avian GnIH neuropeptide, NPSF and NPVF have been found to potently inhibit gonadotropin secretion.^[5] Moreover, a potent and selective antagonist of the NPFF receptors, RF9, has been reported to possess "very strong" gonadotropin-releasing effects in vivo in male and female mice.^[6]

See also

• Neuropeptide FF
• FMRFamide
• Gonadotropin-releasing hormone
• Gonadotropin-inhibitory hormone
• Gonadotropin release inhibitor
• Kisspeptin

References

1. Jae Young Seong; Hubert Vaudry (7 November 2014). Neuropeptide GPCRs in neuroendocrinology. Frontiers E-books. pp. 226–. ISBN 978-2-88919-267-0.
2. Hinuma S, Shintani Y, Fukusumi S, Iijima N, Matsumoto Y, Hosoya M, Fujii R, Watanabe T, Kikuchi K, Terao Y, Yano T, Yamamoto T, Kawamata Y, Habata Y, Asada M, Kitada C, Kurokawa T, Onda H, Nishimura O, Tanaka M, Ibata Y, Fujino M (2000). "New neuropeptides containing carboxy-terminal RFamide and their receptor in mammals". Nat. Cell Biol. 2 (10): 703–8. doi:10.1038/35036326. PMID 11025660. S2CID 2580390.
3. Gouardères C, Mazarguil H, Mollereau C, Chartrel N, Leprince J, Vaudry H, Zajac JM (2007). "Functional differences between NPFF1 and NPFF2 receptor coupling: high intrinsic activities of RFamide-related peptides on stimulation of [35S]GTPgammaS binding". Neuropharmacology. 52 (2): 376–86. doi:10.1016/j.neuropharm.2006.07.034. PMID 17011599. S2CID 140207990.
4. Murakami M, Matsuzaki T, Iwasa T, Yasui T, Irahara M, Osugi T, Tsutsui K (2008). "Hypophysiotropic role of RFamide-related peptide-3 in the inhibition of LH secretion in female rats". J. Endocrinol. 199 (1): 105–12. doi:10.1677/JOE-08-0197. PMID 18653621.
5. Clarke IJ, Qi Y, Puspita Sari I, Smith JT (2009). "Evidence that RF-amide related peptides are inhibitors of reproduction in mammals". Front Neuroendocrinol. 30 (3): 371–8. doi:10.1016/j.yfrne.2009.04.001. PMID 19362107. S2CID 7890470.
6. Pineda R, Garcia-Galiano D, Sanchez-Garrido MA, Romero M, Ruiz-Pino F, Aguilar E, Dijcks FA, Blomenröhr M, Pinilla L, van Noort PI, Tena-Sempere M (2010). "Characterization of the potent gonadotropin-releasing activity of RF9, a selective antagonist of RF-amide-related peptides and neuropeptide FF receptors: physiological and pharmacological implications". Endocrinology. 151 (4): 1902–13. doi:10.1210/en.2009-1259. PMID 20160130.

Further reading

• Ubuka, Takayoshi; Son, You Lee; Tsutsui, Kazuyoshi (2016). "Molecular, cellular, morphological, physiological and behavioral aspects of gonadotropin-inhibitory hormone". General and Comparative Endocrinology. 227: 27–50. doi:10.1016/j.ygcen.2015.09.009. ISSN 0016-6480. PMID 26409890.