Muhammad I Tapar

Muhammad I Tapar (Persian: محمد اول تاپار; 20 January 1082 – 18 April 1118), was the sultan of the Seljuk Empire from 1105 to 1118. He was a son of Malik-Shah I (r. 1072–1092) and Taj al-Din Khatun Safariya.^[1]

Muhammad I Tapar محمد اول تاپار
Sultan Shahanshah
Investiture scene of Muhammad I Tapar, from the 14th-century book Jami' al-tawarikh
Sultan of the Seljuk Empire
Reign	13 February 1105 – 18 April 1118
Predecessor	Malik-Shah II
Successor	Mahmud II (in Iraq and western Iran) Ahmad Sanjar (in Khurasan and Transoxiana)
Born	20 January 1082
Died	18 April 1118(1118-04-18) (aged 36) Baghdad
Spouse	Gawhar Khatun Qutlugh Khatun Shah Khatun Safiya Nistandar Jahan
Issue	Mahmud II Mas'ud Tughril II Suleiman-Shah Saljuk-Shah Fatimah Khatun
House	House of Seljuk
Father	Malik-Shah I
Mother	Taj al-Din Khatun Safariya
Religion	Sunni Islam

Reign

Muhammad was born in 20 January 1082.^[2][3] He succeeded his nephew, Malik Shah II, as Seljuq Sultan in Baghdad, and thus was theoretically the head of the dynasty, although his brother Ahmad Sanjar in Khorasan held more practical power. Muhammad I probably allied himself with Radwan of Aleppo in the battle of the Khabur River against Kilij Arslan I, the sultan of Rüm, in 1107, in which the latter was defeated and killed.^[4] Following the internecine conflict with his half brother, Barkiyaruq, he was given the title of malik and the provinces of Armenia and Azerbaijan. Dissatisfied by this he revolted again, but had to flee back to Armenia. By 1104, Barkiyaruq, ill and tired of war, agreed to divide the sultanate with Muhammad.^[5] Muhammad became sole sultan following the death of Barkiyaruq in 1105.

In 1106, Muhammad conquered the Ismaili fortress of Shahdiz, and ordered the Bavandid ruler Shahriyar IV to participate in his campaign against the Ismailis. Shahriyar, greatly angered by the message Muhammad sent him, refused to aid him against the Ismailis.^[6] Shortly after, Muhammad sent an army headed by Amir Chavli, who tried to capture Sari but was unexpectedly defeated by an army under Shahriyar and his son Qarin III. Muhammad then sent a letter, which requested Shahriyar to send one of his sons to the Seljuq court in Isfahan.^[7] He sent his son Ali I, who impressed Muhammad so much that he offered him his daughter in marriage, but Ali refused and told him to grant the honor to his brother and heir of the Bavand dynasty, Qarin III. Qarin III then went to the Isfahan court and married her.

In 1106/1107, Ahmad ibn Nizam al-Mulk, the son of the famous vizier Nizam al-Mulk, went to the court of Muhammad I to file a complaint against the rais (head) of Hamadan. When Ahmad arrived to the court, Muhammad I appointed him as his vizier, replacing Sa'd al-Mulk Abu'l-Mahasen Abi, who had been recently executed on suspicion of heresy. The appointment was due mainly to the reputation of Ahmad's father. He was then given various titles which his father held (Qewam al-din, Sadr al-Islam and Nizam al-Mulk).

Muhammad I, along with his vizier Ahmad, later campaigned in Iraq, where they defeated and killed the Mazyadid ruler Sayf al-dawla Sadaqa ibn Mansur, who bore the title "king of the Arabs". In 1109, Muhammad I sent Ahmad and Chavli Saqavu to capture the Ismaili fortresses of Alamut and Ostavand, but they failed to achieve any decisive result and withdrew.^[8] Ahmad was shortly replaced by Khatir al-Mulk Abu Mansur Maybudi as vizier of the Sejluq Empire. According to Ali ibn al-Athir (a historian who lived about a hundred years later), Ahmad then retired to a private life in Baghdad, but, according to the contemporary biographer, Anushirvan ibn Khalid, Muhammad I had Ahmad imprisoned for ten years.^[9]

Muhammad I died on 18 April 1118^[2] and was succeeded by Mahmud II, although after Muhammad I's death Sanjar was clearly the chief power in the Seljuq realms.

Family

One of Muhammad's wives was Gawhar Khatun, the daughter of Isma'il, son of Yaquti.^[10] She was killed in 1118 on Muhammad's order at his death in order to prevent his brother Sanjar from marrying her.^[11] Another wife was Qutlugh Khatun.^[12] Another wife was Shah Khatun Safiya. She was the mother of Saljuk-Shah.^[13] Another wife was Nisandar Jahan,^[14][15][16] also known as Sarjahan Khatun.^[17] She was the mother of Sultan Ghiyath ad-Din Mas'ud^[18] and Fatimah Khatun.^[10] After Muhammad's death Mengubars, the governor of Iraq, married her.^[19][20] Their daughter Fatimah married Abbasid Caliph Al-Muqtafi in 1137,^[21] and died in September 1147.^[22] Another of his daughters married Arslan Shah I, son of Kirman Shah, and the grandson of Qavurt.^[10]

Legacy and assessment

Muhammad was the last Seljuk ruler to have strong authority in the western part of the sultanate.^[23] The Seljuk realm was in a dire state after Muhammad's death, according to bureaucrat and writer Anushirvan ibn Khalid (died in 1137/1139); "In Muhammad's reign the kingdom was united and secure from all envious attacks; but when it passed to his son Mahmud, they split up that unity and destroyed its cohesion. They claimed a share with him in the power and left him only a bare subsistence."^[23] Muhammad is mainly portrayed in a positive light by contemporary historians. According to the historian Imad ad-Din al-Isfahani (died in 1201), Muhammad was "the perfect man of the Seljuk dynasty and their strongest steed".^[24]

Muhammad's ceaseless campaigns inspired one of his poets, Iranshah, to compose the Persian epic poem of Bahman-nama, an Iranian mythological story about the constant battles between Kay Bahman and Rostam's family. This implies that the work was also written to serve as advice for solving the socio-political issues of the time.^[25]

References

1. Safi 2006, p. 67.
2. Houtsma, M.T.; Brill, E.J.; Houtsma, M.T.; van Donzel, E. (1993). E.J. Brill's First Encyclopaedia of Islam: 1913-1936. Morocco - Ruzzīk. First Encyclopedia of Islam 1913-1936. Brill. p. 673. ISBN 978-90-04-09796-4.
3. Bosworth 1993, p. 408.
4. Anatolia in the Period of the Seljuks and the Beyliks, Osman Turan, The Cambridge History of Islam, Ed. Peter Malcolm Holt, Ann K. S. Lambton and Bernard Lewis, (Cambridge University Press, 1970), 239.
5. Barkyaruq, Cl. Cahen, The Encyclopedia of Islam, Ed. H.A.R.Gibb, J.H.Kramers, E. Levi-Provencal and J.Schacht, (E.J.Brill, 1986), 1052.
6. Bosworth 1968, p. 28.
7. Madelung 1984, pp. 747–753.
8. Bosworth 1968, p. 118.
9. Bosworth 1984, pp. 642–643.
10. Lambton, A.K.S. (1988). Continuity and Change in Medieval Persia. Bibliotheca Persica. Bibliotheca Persica. pp. 35, 260, 268 n. 71. ISBN 978-0-88706-133-2.
11. Basan, O.A. (2010). The Great Seljuqs: A History. Routledge Studies in the History of Iran and Turkey. Taylor & Francis. p. 185. ISBN 978-1-136-95393-4.
12. Bosworth, E. (2013). The History of the Seljuq Turks: The Saljuq-nama of Zahir al-Din Nishpuri. Taylor & Francis. p. 78. ISBN 978-1-136-75258-2.
13. Tetley, G.E. (2008). The Ghaznavid and Seljuk Turks: Poetry as a Source for Iranian History. Routledge Studies in the History of Iran and Turkey. Taylor & Francis. p. 292. ISBN 978-1-134-08438-8.
14. Türk Dünyası Araştırmaları Vakfı (2008). Türk dünyası araştırmaları - Issue 173. Türk Dünyası Araştırmaları Vakfı. p. 123.
15. Ege Üniversitesi. Edebiyat Fakültesi; Ege Üniversitesi. Tarih Bölümü (2013). Tarih incelemeleri dergisi - Volume 28. Ege Üniversitesi Edebiyat Fakültesi. p. 197.
16. Lugal, N.; Iqbal, M. (1943). Ahbâr üd-devlet is-Selçukiyye. Türk Tarih Kurumu yayınlarından. Türk Tarih Kurumu Basımevi. p. 74.
17. Güney, Alime Okumuş (2020-12-29). "Orta Asya Türk-İslâm devletlerinde evlilikler ve evlilik gelenekleri". Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü. p. 44. Retrieved 2024-01-13.
18. Türk Dünyası Araştırmaları Vakfı (2008). Türk dünyası araştırmaları - Issue 173. Türk Dünyası Araştırmaları Vakfı. p. 123.
19. Ege Üniversitesi. Edebiyat Fakültesi; Ege Üniversitesi. Tarih Bölümü (2013). Tarih incelemeleri dergisi - Volume 28. Ege Üniversitesi Edebiyat Fakültesi. p. 197.
20. Lugal, N.; Iqbal, M. (1943). Ahbâr üd-devlet is-Selçukiyye. Türk Tarih Kurumu yayınlarından. Türk Tarih Kurumu Basımevi. p. 74.
21. Hanne, Eric J. (2007). Putting the Caliph in His Place: Power, Authority, and the Late Abbasid Caliphate. Fairleigh Dickinson University Press. p. 170. ISBN 978-0-8386-4113-2.
22. al-Athīr, ʻIzz al-Dīn Ibn; Richards, Donaod Sidney (2006). The Chronicle of Ibn Al-Athīr for the Crusading Period from Al-Kāmil Fīʼl-taʼrīkh: The years 541-589. Crusade texts in translation. Ashgate. p. 16. ISBN 978-0-7546-4078-3.
23. Bosworth 2010, p. 61.
24. Peacock 2015, p. 80.
25. Askari 2016, p. 33.

Sources

• Askari, Nasrin (2016). The medieval reception of the Shāhnāma as a mirror for princes. Brill. ISBN 978-90-04-30790-2.
• Muir, William. "Buweihid Dynasty, Bagdad under Seljuqs, Toghril Beg, Al-Muktadi and four following Caliphs, Crusades, Capture of Jerusalem, End of Fatimids". The Caliphate, its rise, decline and fall.
• Madelung, W. (1984). "ĀL-E BĀVAND (BAVANDIDS)". Encyclopaedia Iranica, Vol. I, Fasc. 7. London u.a.: Routledge & Kegan Paul. pp. 747–753. ISBN 90-04-08114-3.
• Bosworth, C.E. (1993). "Muḥammad b. Malik-S̲h̲āh". In Bosworth, C. E.; van Donzel, E.; Heinrichs, W. P. & Pellat, Ch. (eds.). The Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition. Volume VII: Mif–Naz. Leiden: E. J. Brill. p. 408. ISBN 978-90-04-09419-2.
• Bosworth, C. Edmund (1984). "AḤMAD B. NEẒĀM-AL-MOLK". Encyclopaedia Iranica, Vol. I, Fasc. 6. London et al.: C. Edmund Bosworth. pp. 642–643.
• Bosworth, C. E. (1968). "The Political and Dynastic History of the Iranian World (A.D. 1000–1217)". In Frye, R. N. (ed.). The Cambridge History of Iran, Volume 5: The Saljuq and Mongol periods. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 1–202. ISBN 0-521-06936-X.
• Bosworth, C. E. (2010). "The steppe peoples in the Islamic world". In Morgan, David O.; Reid, Anthony (eds.). The New Cambridge History of Islam (Volume 3). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 21–78. ISBN 978-0521850315.
• Peacock, A. C. S. (2015). The Great Seljuk Empire. Edinburgh University Press. pp. 1–378. ISBN 978-0-7486-3826-0.
• Safi, Omid (2006). The Politics of Knowledge in Premodern Islam: Negotiating Ideology and Religious Inquiry. University of North Carolina Press.

Preceded by Malik Shah II	Sultan of the Seljuq Empire 1105–1118	Succeeded by Ahmed Sanjar (in Khorasan and Transoxiana)
		Succeeded by Mahmud II (in Iraq and Persia)