Mueang

Mueang (Thai: เมือง mɯ̄ang, pronounced [mɯaŋ˧] listen^ⓘ), Muang (Lao: ເມືອງ mɯ́ang, pronounced [mɯaŋ˦]; Tai Nuea: ᥛᥫᥒᥰ muang), Mong (Shan: မိူင်း mə́ŋ, pronounced [məŋ˦]), Meng (Chinese: 猛 or 勐) or Mường (Vietnamese) were pre-modern semi-independent city-states or principalities in mainland Southeast Asia, adjacent regions of Northeast India and Southern China, including what is now Thailand, Laos, Burma, Cambodia, parts of northern Vietnam, southern Yunnan, western Guangxi and Assam.

Mueang was originally a term in the Tai languages for a town having a defensive wall and a ruler with at least the Thai noble rank of khun (ขุน), together with its dependent villages.^[1][2][3] The mandala model of political organisation organised states in collective hierarchy such that smaller mueang were subordinate to more powerful neighboring ones, which in turn were subordinate to a central king or other leader. The more powerful mueang (generally designated as chiang, wiang, nakhon or krung – with Bangkok as Krung Thep Maha Nakhon) occasionally tried to liberate themselves from their suzerain and could enjoy periods of relative independence. Mueang large and small often shifted allegiance, and frequently paid tribute to more than one powerful neighbor – the most powerful of the period being Ming China.

Following Kublai Khan's defeat of the Dali Kingdom of the Bai people in 1253 and its establishment as a tutelary state, new mueang were founded widely throughout the Shan States and adjoining regions – though the common description of this as a "mass migration" is disputed.^[4] Following historical Chinese practice, tribal leaders principally in Yunnan were recognized by the Yuan as imperial officials, in an arrangement generally known as the Tusi ("Native Chieftain") system. Ming and Qing-era dynasties gradually replaced native chieftains with non-native Chinese government officials.

In the 19th century, Thailand's Chakri dynasty and Burma's colonial and subsequent military rulers did much the same with their lesser mueang, but, while the petty kingdoms are gone, the place names remain.

Place names

Place names in Southwestern Tai languages

Cambodia

In Khmer, "moeang" (មឿង) is a word borrowed from the Thai language meaning "small city" or "small town."^[5] Usually used as a place name for villages.

• Moeang Char
• Moeang Prachen

China

The placename "mueang" is written in Chinese characters as 勐, 孟; měng, which is equivalent to Tai Nuea: ᥛᥫᥒᥰ and Tai Lü: ᦵᦙᦲᧂ, both of which are spoken in China.

Script in English	Name in Tai Nuea	Name in Tai Lue	Script in Chinese	Common used name
Muang Mao[6]	ᥛᥫᥒᥰ ᥛᥣᥝᥰ[7]		勐卯	Ruili
Muang Khon[6]	ᥛᥫᥒᥰ ᥑᥩᥢᥴ[7]	ᦵᦙᦲᧂ ᦃᦸᧃ[8]	勐焕	Mangshi
Muang Wan[6]	ᥛᥫᥒᥰ ᥝᥢᥰ[7]		勐宛	Longchuan
Muang Ti[6]	ᥛᥫᥒᥰ ᥖᥤᥰ[7]		勐底	Lianghe
Muang La[6]	ᥛᥫᥒᥰ ᥘᥣᥲ[7]		勐腊	Yingjiang
Meng La		ᦵᦙᦲᧂ ᦟᦱ	勐拉	Simao
Meng La		ᦵᦙᦲᧂ ᦟᦱᧉ	勐腊	Mengla
Meng Hai	ᥛᥫᥒᥰ ᥞᥣᥭᥰ[7]	ᦵᦙᦲᧂ ᦣᦻ[8]	勐海	Menghai
Meng Lem	ᥛᥫᥒᥰ ᥘᥥᥛᥰ[7]		孟连	Menglian
Meng Keng	ᥛᥫᥒᥰ ᥐᥪᥒ[7]		勐耿	Gengma
Meng Long	ᥛᥫᥒᥰ ᥘᥨᥒ[9]: 221			Longling
Meng Meng	ᥛᥫᥒᥰ ᥛᥫᥒᥰ[7]		勐勐	Shuangjiang
Meng Lam	ᥛᥫᥒᥰ ᥘᥣᥛᥰ[7]		勐朗	Lancang
Meng Thong	ᥛᥫᥒᥰ ᥗᥨᥒᥴ[7]		勐统	Changning
Meng Tsung	ᥛᥫᥒᥰ ᥓᥧᥒᥰ[7]			Yuanjiang
Meng Then	ᥛᥫᥒᥰ ᥗᥦᥢᥴ[7]			Fengqing
Meng Men	ᥛᥫᥒᥰ ᥛᥦᥢᥰ[7]		勐缅	Tengchong or Lincang
Mongsee[10]	ᥛᥫᥒᥰ ᥔᥥᥴ[7]	ᦵᦙᦲᧂ ᦵᦉ[8]		Kunming
Meng Ha	ᥛᥫᥒᥰ ᥑᥣᥰ[7]			Kejie Town [zh]
Meng Ha	ᥛᥫᥒᥰ ᥑᥣᥴ[7]			Wandian Dai Ethnic Township [zh]
Meng Khe	ᥛᥫᥒᥰ ᥑᥫᥰ[7]			Lujiang Town [zh]
Meng Yueng	ᥛᥫᥒᥰ ᥒᥤᥛᥰ[7]		勐允	Shangyun Town [zh]
Meng Tse	ᥛᥫᥒᥰ ᥓᥥ[7]	ᦵᦙᦲᧂ ᦵᦵᦋᧈ	勐遮	Mengzhe Town [zh]
Meng Hsa	ᥛᥫᥒᥰ ᥔᥣᥴ[7]		勐撒	Mengsa Town [zh]
Meng Yang	ᥛᥫᥒᥰ ᥕᥣᥒᥰ[7]		勐养	Mengyang Town [zh]
Meng Tung	ᥛᥫᥒᥰ ᥖᥧᥛᥰ[7]		勐董	Mengdong
Meng Ten	ᥛᥫᥒᥰ ᥖᥦᥢᥰ[7]		勐典	Mengdian (a place in Yingjiang County)
Meng Ting	ᥛᥫᥒᥰ ᥖᥤᥒ[7]		孟定	Mengding Town [zh]
Meng Lim	ᥛᥫᥒᥰ ᥘᥤᥛᥴ[7]			Huangcao-Ba (黄草坝, a place in Longling County)
Meng Long	ᥛᥫᥒᥰ ᥘᥨᥒ[7]	ᦵᦙᦲᧂ ᦷᦟᧂ[8]	勐龙	Menglong Town [zh]
Meng Loong	ᥛᥫᥒᥰ ᥘᥩᥒᥴ[7]		勐弄	Mengnong Township [zh]
Meng Mo	ᥛᥫᥒᥰ ᥛᥨᥝᥱ[7]		勐磨	Jiucheng Township
Meng Ham	ᥛᥫᥒᥰ ᥞᥛᥰ[7]	ᦵᦙᦲᧂ ᦣᧄ[8]	勐罕	Menghan Town [zh]
Meng Heu	ᥛᥫᥒᥰ ᥞᥥᥝᥰ[11]		勐秀	Mengxiu Township
Meng Ka	ᥛᥫᥒᥰ ᥐᥣ		勐戛	Mengga
Meng Yue			勐约	Mengyue Township [zh]
Meng Peng		ᦵᦙᦲᧂ ᦘᦳᧂ	勐捧	Mengpeng Town [zh]
Meng Dui			勐堆	Mengdui Township [zh]
Meng Ku			勐库	Mengku Town [zh]
Meng Yoong	ᥛᥫᥒᥰ ᥕᥩᥒᥰ[12]		勐永	MengYong Town [zh]
Meng Keng	ᥛᥫᥒᥰ ᥐᥦᥒᥰ[12]		勐简	Mengjian Township [zh]
Meng Seng	ᥛᥫᥒᥰ ᥔᥫᥒᥴ[12]		勐省	Mengsheng
Meng Jiao			勐角	Mengjiao Dai, Yi and Lahu People Township
Meng Nuo			勐糯	Mengnuo Town [zh]
Meng Xian			勐先	Mengxian Town [zh]
Meng Nong			孟弄	Mengnong Yi Ethnic Township [zh]
Meng Ban			勐班	Mengban Township
Meng Da			勐大	Mengda Town [zh]
Meng Lie			勐烈	Menglie Town [zh]
Meng Ma			勐马	Mengma Town [zh]
Meng Suo			勐梭	Mengsuo Town [zh]
Meng Ka			勐卡	Mengka Town [zh]
Meng La			勐拉	Mengla Town [zh]
Meng Qiao			勐桥	Mengqiao Township [zh]
Meng Wang			勐旺	Mengwang Township, Jinghong [zh]
Meng Hun			勐混	Menghun Town [zh]
Meng Man			勐满	Mengman Town [zh]
Meng A			勐阿	Meng'a Town [zh]
Meng Song			勐宋	Mengsong Township [zh]
Meng Wang			勐往	Mengwang Township, Menghai [zh]
Meng Lun			勐仑	Menglun Town [zh]
Meng Ban			勐伴	Mengban Town [zh]

Laos

Laos is colloquially known as Muang Lao, but for Lao people, the word conveys more than mere administrative district. The usage is of special historic interest for the Lao; in particular for their traditional socio-political and administrative organisation, and the formation of their early (power) states,^[13] described by later scholars as Mandala (Southeast Asian political model). Provinces of Laos are now subdivided into what are commonly translated as districts of Laos, with some retaining Muang as part of the name:

• Muang Sing
• Muang Xay
• Former Muang
  • Muang Phuan (modern Phonsavan, capital city of Xiangkhouang Province)
  • Muang Sua

Myanmar

Further information: Saopha and Shan States

• Mong Mao
• Mong Hsat
• Mong Hpayak
• Mong Ton
• Mong Nai
• Mong Ping
• Mohnyin (former Mongyang State)
• Mogaung (former Mongkawng)
• Momauk
• Mogok
• Momeik

Northeast India

• Mong Dun Shun Kham or Ahom kingdom^[14] – The Mueang (currently the states of Assam and Arunachal Pradesh in North-East India), established by a Tai Prince Sukaphaa in 1228 with 9000 Tai People migrated from Mong Mao called as Ahom by local people, transformed itself into a huge kingdom by the 17th century that withstood the might of the Mughal Empire.

Thailand

Further information: Amphoe, Boriwen, Monthon, Muban, Sukhaphiban, Tambon, and Thesaban

Thailand is colloquially known as Mueang Thai. After the Thesaphiban reforms of Prince Damrong Rajanubhab, city-states under Siam were organized into monthon (มณฑล, Thai translation of mandala), which was changed to changwat (จังหวัด) in 1916.^[15] Mueang still can be found as the term for the capital districts of the provinces (amphoe mueang), as well as for a municipal status equivalent to town (thesaban mueang). In standard Thai, the term for the country of Thailand is ประเทศไทย, rtgs: Prathet Thai.

Mueang toponyms

Mueang still forms part of the placenames of a few places, notably Don Mueang District, home to Don Mueang International Airport; and in the Royal Thai General System of Transcription Mueang Phatthaya (เมืองพัทยา) for the self-governing municipality of Pattaya.

Nakhon mueang

Nakhon (นคร) as meaning "city" has been modified to thesaban nakhon (เทศบาลนคร), usually translated as "city municipality". It still forms part of the name of some places.

• Krung Thep Maha Nakhon
• Phra Nakhon Si Ayutthaya
• Nakhon Lampang
• Nakhon Nayok
• Nakhon Ratchasima
• Nakhon Si Thammarat
• Nakhon Thai
• Renu Nakhon

Buri mueang

Sung Noen District is noted for having been the site of two ancient cities: Mueang Sema and Khorakhapura. Pali púra became Sanskrit puri, hence Thai บุรี, บูรี,^[16] (buri) all connoting the same as Thai mueang: city with defensive wall.^[17] "Khorakhapura" was nicknamed "Nakhon Raj," which as a portmanteau with Sema, became Nakhon Ratchasima.^[18] Though dropped from the name of this mueang, Sanskrit buri persists in the names of others.

• Buriram
• Chonburi
• Sing Buri
• Suphan Buri
• Thonburi

Vietnam

Further information: Sip Song Chau Tai

• Muong Cha
• Muong La
• Mường Lay
• Muong Lat
• Muong Khuong
• Muong Nhe
• Muong Te
• Muong Thanh

Etymology

NB: Luo et al. employ /ü/ which may erroneously scan as /ii/.

Müang Fai irrigation system

Müang Fai is a term reconstructed from Proto-Tai, the common ancestor of all Tai languages. In the Guangxi-Guizhou of Southern China region, the term described what was then a unique type of irrigation engineering for wet-rice cultivation. Müang meaning 'irrigation channel, ditch, canal' and Fai, 'dike, weir, dam.' together referred to gravitational irrigation systems for directing water from streams and rivers.^[19] The Proto-Tai language is not directly attested by any surviving texts, but has been reconstructed using the comparative method. This term has Proto-Tai-tone A1. All A1 words are rising tone in modern Thai and Lao, following rules determined for tone origin. Accordingly, the term is:

in modern Thai: เหมืองฝาย^[20]

in modern Lao: ເຫມື່ອງຝາຍ.^[21] (NB: SEAlang Library's Lao entry omits tonal marking – a typographical error.)

Different linguistic tones give different meanings; scholarship has not established a link between this term and any of the terms which differ in tone.

Origin of mueang

Mueang conveys many meanings, all having to do with administrative, social, political and religious orientation on wet-rice cultivation. The origin of the word mueang yet remains obscure. In October 2007, The National Library of Laos, in collaboration with the Berlin State Library and the University of Passau, started a project to produce the Digital Library of Lao Manuscripts. Papers presented at the Literary Heritage of Laos Conference, held in Vientiane in 2005, have also been made available. Many of the mss. illuminate the administrative, social, political, and religious demands put on communities in the same watershed area that insured a high degree of cooperation to create and maintain irrigation systems (müang-faai) – which probably was the primary reason for founding mueang.^[22]

Kham Mueang

Kham Mueang (Thai: คำเมือง) is the modern spoken form of the old Northern Thai language that was the language of the kingdom of Lan Na (Million Fields). Central Thai may call northern Thai people and their language Thai Yuan. They call their language Kham Mueang in which Kham means language or word; mueang; town, hence the meaning of "town language," specifically in contrast to those of the many hill tribe peoples in the surrounding mountainous areas.^[23]

See also

• Acequia, Spanish term for irrigation system organized like the Müang Fai irrigation system
• Chiang (place name)
• Internal colonialism
• Tusi
• Wiang

References

1. Terwiel, Barend Jan (1983). "Ahom and the Study of Early Thai Society" (PDF). Journal of the Siam Society. JSS Vol. 71.0 (digital). Siamese Heritage Trust: image 4. Retrieved March 7, 2013. khun : ruler of a fortified town and its surrounding villages, together called a mu'ang. In older sources the prefix ph'o ("father") is sometimes used as well.
2. Vickery, Michael (1995). "Piltdown3: Further Discussion of The Ram Khamhaeng Inscription" (PDF). Journal of the Siam Society. JSS Vol. 83.0j (digital). Siam Heritage Trust: image 11. Retrieved August 3, 2013. Examples of the first are söaṅ, the name of Ram Khamhaeng's mother, and möaṅ. Khun Phasit said that these terms should in fact be read as /söŋ/ and /möŋ/....
3. Wyatt, D.K. (1991). "Chapter 11: Contextual arguments for the authenticity of the Ram Khamhaeng inscription" (PDF). In Chamberlain, J.R. (ed.). The Ram Khamhaeng Controversy. Bangkok: The Siam Society. Quoted text is found in image 7. Retrieved 2013-06-13. ...Lord Sam Chon, the ruler of Müang Chot, came to attack Müang Tak....
4. Du Yuting; Chen Lufan (1989). "Did Kublai Khan's Conquest of the Dali Kingdom Give Rise to the Mass Migration of the Thai People to the South?" (free PDF). Journal of the Siam Society. JSS Vol. 77.1c (digital). Siam Heritage Trust. Retrieved March 17, 2013.
5. Headley, Robert K. "SEAlang Library Khmer", SEAlang Library, 05/14/2018
6. Santasombat, Yos (2008). Lak Chang: A reconstruction of Tai identity in Daikong. Canberra: ANU Press. p. 20. ISBN 978-1-74076-081-2.
7. Gong, Jiaqiang; Meng, Zunxian (2007). 傣汉词典 [Tai Nuea－Chinese Dictionary]. Kunming: Yunnan Nationalities Publishing House. pp. 1347–1350. ISBN 978-7-5367-3790-7.
8. Yu, Cui-rong; Luo, Meizhen (2003). 傣仂汉词典 [Tai Lue－Chinese Dictionary]. Beijing: Publishing House of Minority Nationalities. p. 274. ISBN 7-105-05834-X.
9. Daniels, Christian (2018). "The Mongol-Yuan in Yunnan and ProtoTai/Tai Polities during the 13th-14th Centuries". Journal of the Siam Society. 106: 201–243.
10. CAPT. R. Boileau Pemberton (1835). Report on the Eastern Frontier of British India, with an Appendix, and Maps. Calcutta: British Mission Press. p. 111.
11. People's Government of Ruili County (1987). 云南省瑞丽县地名志 [Toponymy Dictionary of Ruili County, Yunnan]. p. 149.
12. People's Government of Gengma Dai and Wa Autonomous County (1985). 云南省耿马傣族佤族自治县地名志 [Toponymy Dictionary of Gengma Dai and Wa Autonomous County, Yunnan]. pp. 勐永:198, 勐简:201, 勐省:208.
13. Raendchen, Jana (October 10, 2005). "The socio-political and administrative organisation of müang in the light of Lao historical manuscripts" (PDF). The Literary Heritage of Laos: Preservation, Dissemination and Research Perspectives, Vientiane: National Library of Laos. The Literary Heritage of Laos Conference, 2005. Staatsbibliothek zu Berlin Preußischer Kulturbesitz: Digital Library of Lao Manuscripts. pp. 401–420. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2013-11-04. Retrieved September 12, 2013. The use of the word müang is of special historic interest for the Lao; in particular for their traditional socio-political and administrative organisation, and the formation of their early (power) states.
14. Gohain, Birendra kr (1999). Origin of the Tai and Chao Lung Hsukapha: A Historical Perspective.
15. ประกาศกระทรวงมหาดไทย เรื่อง ทรงพระกรุณาโปรดเกล้า ฯ ให้เปลี่ยนคำว่าเมืองเรียกว่าจังหวัด (PDF). Royal Gazette (in Thai). 33 (ก): 51. 28 May 1916. Archived from the original (PDF) on April 9, 2008.
16. Glenn S. (5 Aug 2013). "บูรี" (Dictionary). Royal Institute Dictionary – 1982. Thai-language.com. Retrieved 2013-08-03. บุรี; บูรี /บุ-รี; บู-รี/ Pali: ปุร [นาม] เมือง
17. Turner, Sir Ralph Lilley (1985) [London: Oxford University Press, 1962-1966.]. "A Comparative Dictionary of the Indo-Aryan Languages". Includes three supplements, published 1969-1985. Digital South Asia Library, a project of the Center for Research Libraries and the University of Chicago. p. 469. Archived from the original on August 5, 2013. Retrieved 5 Aug 2013. 8278 púra noun. fortress, town, gynaeceum
18. "Nakhon Ratchasima (Khorat), Thailand" (Text available under Creative Commons Attribution/Share-Alike License 3.0 (Unported)). More about Nakhon Ratchasima. AsiaExplorers. 5 Aug 2013. Archived from the original on 2013-09-09. Retrieved 5 Aug 2013. Nakhon Ratchasima was originally two separate cities namely Khorakhapura (also called Nakhon Raj) and Sema.... The present city of Nakhon Ratchasima, whose name is a portmanteau of Nakhon Raj and Sema, was established by King Narai (1656-88) as the eastern frontier of his kingdom centered on Ayutthaya.
19. Luo, Wei; Hartmann, John; Li, Jinfang; Sysamouth, Vinya (December 2000). "GIS Mapping and Analysis of Tai Linguistic and Settlement Patterns in Southern China" (PDF). Geographic Information Sciences. 6 (2). DeKalb: Northern Illinois University: 129–136. Bibcode:2000AnGIS...6..129L. doi:10.1080/10824000009480541. S2CID 24199802. Retrieved May 28, 2013. Abstract. By integrating linguistic information and physical geographic features in a GIS environment, this paper maps the spatial variation of terms connected with wet-rice farming of Tai minority groups in southern China and shows that the primary candidate of origin for proto-Tai is in the region of Guangxi-Guizhou, not Yunnan or the middle Yangtze River region as others have proposed....
20. เหมืองฝาย;
21. http://sealang.net/lao/dictionary.htm ເຫມືອງຝາຽ
22. Raendchen, Jana (October 10, 2005). "The socio-political and administrative organisation of müang in the light of Lao historical manuscripts" (PDF). The Literary Heritage of Laos: Preservation, Dissemination and Research Perspectives, Vientiane: National Library of Laos. The Literary Heritage of Laos Conference, 2005. Staatsbibliothek zu Berlin Preußischer Kulturbesitz: Digital Library of Lao Manuscripts. p. 416. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2013-11-04. Retrieved September 12, 2013. However, being wet-rice growing societies, Tai baan could not have sustained themselves in isolation, but were dependent to a high degree on water irrigation that demands cooperation of several baan communities being situated in one and the same watershed area. The organisation of cooperation of a number of baan in irrigation works, historically, probably was the primary reason for founding müang, that is a group of several baan managing one common irrigation system (müang-faai), and generally worshipping the same territorial guardian spirit (phii müang) and ancestral spirits.
23. Natnapang Burutphakdee (October 2004). Khon Muang Neu Kap Phasa Muang [Attitudes of Northern Thai Youth towards Kammuang and the Lanna Script] (PDF) (M.A. Thesis). Presented at 4th National Symposium on Graduate Research, Chiang Mai, Thailand, August 10–11, 2004. Asst. Prof. Dr. Kirk R. Person, adviser. Chiang Mai: Payap University. P. 7, digital image 30. Archived from the original (PDF) on May 5, 2015. Retrieved June 8, 2013. The reason why they called this language 'Kammuang' is because they used this language in the towns where they lived together, which were surrounded by mountainous areas where there were many hill tribe people.

External links

• The dictionary definition of mueang at Wiktionary