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Mathematical model in materials science From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Mohr–Coulomb theory is a mathematical model (see yield surface) describing the response of brittle materials such as concrete, or rubble piles, to shear stress as well as normal stress. Most of the classical engineering materials follow this rule in at least a portion of their shear failure envelope. Generally the theory applies to materials for which the compressive strength far exceeds the tensile strength.[1]
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In geotechnical engineering it is used to define shear strength of soils and rocks at different effective stresses.
In structural engineering it is used to determine failure load as well as the angle of fracture of a displacement fracture in concrete and similar materials. Coulomb's friction hypothesis is used to determine the combination of shear and normal stress that will cause a fracture of the material. Mohr's circle is used to determine which principal stresses will produce this combination of shear and normal stress, and the angle of the plane in which this will occur. According to the principle of normality the stress introduced at failure will be perpendicular to the line describing the fracture condition.
It can be shown that a material failing according to Coulomb's friction hypothesis will show the displacement introduced at failure forming an angle to the line of fracture equal to the angle of friction. This makes the strength of the material determinable by comparing the external mechanical work introduced by the displacement and the external load with the internal mechanical work introduced by the strain and stress at the line of failure. By conservation of energy the sum of these must be zero and this will make it possible to calculate the failure load of the construction.
A common improvement of this model is to combine Coulomb's friction hypothesis with Rankine's principal stress hypothesis to describe a separation fracture.[2] An alternative view derives the Mohr-Coulomb criterion as extension failure.[3]
The Mohr–Coulomb theory is named in honour of Charles-Augustin de Coulomb and Christian Otto Mohr. Coulomb's contribution was a 1776 essay entitled "Essai sur une application des règles des maximis et minimis à quelques problèmes de statique relatifs à l'architecture" .[2][4] Mohr developed a generalised form of the theory around the end of the 19th century.[5] As the generalised form affected the interpretation of the criterion, but not the substance of it, some texts continue to refer to the criterion as simply the 'Coulomb criterion'.[6]
The Mohr–Coulomb[7] failure criterion represents the linear envelope that is obtained from a plot of the shear strength of a material versus the applied normal stress. This relation is expressed as
where is the shear strength, is the normal stress, is the intercept of the failure envelope with the axis, and is the slope of the failure envelope. The quantity is often called the cohesion and the angle is called the angle of internal friction. Compression is assumed to be positive in the following discussion. If compression is assumed to be negative then should be replaced with .
If , the Mohr–Coulomb criterion reduces to the Tresca criterion. On the other hand, if the Mohr–Coulomb model is equivalent to the Rankine model. Higher values of are not allowed.
From Mohr's circle we have where and is the maximum principal stress and is the minimum principal stress.
Therefore, the Mohr–Coulomb criterion may also be expressed as
This form of the Mohr–Coulomb criterion is applicable to failure on a plane that is parallel to the direction.
The Mohr–Coulomb criterion in three dimensions is often expressed as
The Mohr–Coulomb failure surface is a cone with a hexagonal cross section in deviatoric stress space.
The expressions for and can be generalized to three dimensions by developing expressions for the normal stress and the resolved shear stress on a plane of arbitrary orientation with respect to the coordinate axes (basis vectors). If the unit normal to the plane of interest is
where are three orthonormal unit basis vectors, and if the principal stresses are aligned with the basis vectors , then the expressions for are
The Mohr–Coulomb failure criterion can then be evaluated using the usual expression for the six planes of maximum shear stress.
Derivation of normal and shear stress on a plane |
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Let the unit normal to the plane of interest be
where are three orthonormal unit basis vectors. Then the traction vector on the plane is given by The magnitude of the traction vector is given by Then the magnitude of the stress normal to the plane is given by The magnitude of the resolved shear stress on the plane is given by In terms of components, we have If the principal stresses are aligned with the basis vectors , then the expressions for are |
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The Mohr–Coulomb failure (yield) surface is often expressed in Haigh–Westergaad coordinates. For example, the function can be expressed as
Alternatively, in terms of the invariants we can write
where
Derivation of alternative forms of Mohr–Coulomb yield function |
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We can express the yield function
as The Haigh–Westergaard invariants are related to the principal stresses by Plugging into the expression for the Mohr–Coulomb yield function gives us Using trigonometric identities for the sum and difference of cosines and rearrangement gives us the expression of the Mohr–Coulomb yield function in terms of . We can express the yield function in terms of by using the relations and straightforward substitution. |
The Mohr–Coulomb yield surface is often used to model the plastic flow of geomaterials (and other cohesive-frictional materials). Many such materials show dilatational behavior under triaxial states of stress which the Mohr–Coulomb model does not include. Also, since the yield surface has corners, it may be inconvenient to use the original Mohr–Coulomb model to determine the direction of plastic flow (in the flow theory of plasticity).
A common approach is to use a non-associated plastic flow potential that is smooth. An example of such a potential is the function[citation needed]
where is a parameter, is the value of when the plastic strain is zero (also called the initial cohesion yield stress), is the angle made by the yield surface in the Rendulic plane at high values of (this angle is also called the dilation angle), and is an appropriate function that is also smooth in the deviatoric stress plane.
Cohesion (alternatively called the cohesive strength) and friction angle values for rocks and some common soils are listed in the tables below.
Material | Cohesive strength in kPa | Cohesive strength in psi |
---|---|---|
Rock | 10000 | 1450 |
Silt | 75 | 10 |
Clay | 10 to 200 | 1.5 to 30 |
Very soft clay | 0 to 48 | 0 to 7 |
Soft clay | 48 to 96 | 7 to 14 |
Medium clay | 96 to 192 | 14 to 28 |
Stiff clay | 192 to 384 | 28 to 56 |
Very stiff clay | 384 to 766 | 28 to 110 |
Hard clay | > 766 | > 110 |