Military dictatorship in Nigeria

The military dictatorship in Nigeria was a period when members of the Nigerian Armed Forces held power in Nigeria from 1966 to 1999 with an interregnum from 1979 to 1983. The military was able to rise to power often with the tacit support of the elite through coup d'états. Since the country became a republic in 1963, there had been a series of military coups.

Federal Republic of Nigeria (1966; 1966–1979; 1983–1993; 1993–1999) Republic of Nigerianote (1966)
1966–1979 1983–1993 1993–1999
Flag Coat of arms
Motto: "Peace, Unity, Freedom"[1] (1966–1978) "Unity and Faith, Peace and Progress"[1] (1978–1979; 1983–1993; 1993–1999)
Anthem: Nigeria, We Hail Thee[1] (1966–1978) Arise, O Compatriots[1] (1978–1979; 1983–1993; 1993–1999)
Capital	Lagos (1966–1979; 1983–1991) Abuja (1991–1993; 1993–1999)
Largest city	Lagos
Common languages	English Hausa Igbo Yoruba and other regional languages
Religion	Islam Christianity Traditional beliefs
Government	Federal presidential republic under military dictatorship (January–May 1966; 1966–1979; 1983–1993; 1993–1999)[2][3] Unitary presidential republic under military dictatorship (24 May 1966 – 31 August 1966)
Head of State/ President
• 1966	Johnson Aguiyi-Ironsib
• 1966–1975	Yakubu Gowon
• 1975–1976	Murtala Mohammed
• 1976–1979	Olusegun Obasanjo
• 1983–1985	Muhammadu Buhari
• 1985–1993	Ibrahim Babangida
• 1993–1998	Sani Abacha
• 1998–1999	Abdulsalami Abubakarc
Chief of Staff / Vice President
• 1966	Babafemi Ogundipe (first)
• 1998–1999	Mike Akhigbe (last)
Legislature	None (rule by decree)
Historical era	Cold War
• Established	15 January 1966
• Unification Decree[2]	24 May 1966
• 1966 Nigerian counter-coup	28 July 1966
• Federal system restored[3]	31 August 1966
• Biafra secessiond	30 May 1967
• 1975 Nigerian coup d'état	29 July 1975
• 1976 Nigerian coup d'état attempt	13 February 1976
• Second Republic	1 October 1979
• 1983 Nigerian coup d'état	31 December 1983
• 1985 Nigerian coup d'état	27 August 1985
• 1993 Nigerian coup d'état	17 November 1993
• Fourth Republic	29 May 1999
Area
1991[4]	923,768 km2 (356,669 sq mi)
Population
• 1991[4]	88,514,501
Currency	Nigerian pound (1966–1973) Naira (₦) (1973–1979; 1983–1993; 1993–1999)
Time zone	UTC+1 (WAT)
ISO 3166 code	NG
Preceded by Succeeded by First Nigerian Republic Second Nigerian Republic Second Nigerian Republic Third Nigerian Republic Fourth Nigerian Republic
Today part of	Nigeria Cameroone
^a Formal name of the country from 24 May to 31 August 1966.[2][3] ^b as Head of the Federal Military Government ^c as Chairman of the Provisional Ruling Council ^d until 15 January 1970 ^e Bakassi peninsula; governed by Nigeria until 2008

Background

Military rule in Nigeria began with the coup d'état of 1966 which was planned and executed by a group of revolutionary nationalist officers. The coup started as a small rebellion cell under Emmanuel Ifeajuna. Major Chukwuma Kaduna Nzeogwu was the face of the coup attempt, which involved five other army majors: Timothy Onwuatuegwu, Chris Anuforo, Don Okafor, Adewale Ademoyega and Humphrey Chukwuka.^[5] It operated as a clandestine movement of junior officers during the post-independence period of 1960–1966. The plot received support from left-wing intellectuals, who rejected conservative elements in society, like the traditional establishment of Northern Nigeria and sought to overthrow the First Nigerian Republic.

Military regimes

• Heads of State of the military regimes
• 
  General Yakubu Gowon
• 
  Major General Muhammadu Buhari
• 
  General Ibrahim Babangida
• 
  General Abdulsalami Abubakar

Major General Johnson Aguiyi-Ironsi was made the Head of the Federal Military Government of Nigeria, serving for six months before being overthrown and assassinated in the 1966 Nigerian counter-coup.

Aguiyi-Ironsi was succeeded by General Yakubu Gowon, who established a Supreme Military Council. Gowon held power until July 1975, when he was overthrown in another coup.

Brigadier (later General) Murtala Mohammed succeeded Gowon. Months later, in February 1976, Mohammed was assassinated by Buka Suka Dimka and others in a violent coup attempt. The plotters failed to kill Olusẹgun Ọbasanjọ, who then succeeded Murtala Mohammed as the head of state.^[6] The Supreme Military Council was formally dissolved when Ọbasanjọ handed power to the elected Shehu Shagari, ending the military regime and establishing a Nigerian Second Republic.

The Second Republic was overthrown in the 1983 Nigerian coup d'état and was succeeded by Muhammadu Buhari, who established a new Supreme Military Council of Nigeria as Head of State and Commander-in-Chief of the Armed Forces. Buhari ruled for two years, until the 1985 Nigerian coup d'état, when he was overthrown by General Ibrahim Babangida.

General Ibrahim Babangida was promulgated as the President and Commander-in-Chief of the Armed Forces and established the Armed Forces Ruling Council. His rule was the longest serving peaceful administration typified as the military off dictatorship of the 20th century. Babangida promised a return of democracy when he seized power, but he ruled Nigeria for eight years, when he temporarily handed power to an interim head of state, Ernest Shonekan, in August 1993.^[7]

In 1993, General Sani Abacha overthrew the Interim National Government and appointed himself Chairman of the Provisional Ruling Council of Nigeria.

Transition to democracy

After Abacha's death in 1998, General Abdulsalami Abubakar took over and ruled until Olusẹgun Ọbasanjọ again became head of state (via the 1999 presidential election), ending the junta and establishing the Fourth Nigerian Republic.

See also

• Nigerian First Republic
• Nigerian Second Republic
• Nigerian Third Republic
• Nigerian Fourth Republic
• Politics of Nigeria