Mid vowel

A mid vowel (or a true-mid vowel) is any in a class of vowel sounds used in some spoken languages. The defining characteristic of a mid vowel is that the tongue is positioned approximately midway between an open vowel and a close vowel.

IPA: Vowels
Front Central Back Close i y ɨ ʉ ɯ u Near-close ɪ ʏ ʊ Close-mid e ø ɘ ɵ ɤ o Mid e̞ ø̞ ə ɤ̞ o̞ Open-mid ɛ œ ɜ ɞ ʌ ɔ Near-open æ ɐ Open a ɶ ä ɑ ɒ
IPA help  audio full chart template Legend: unrounded • rounded

Other names for a mid vowel are lowered close-mid vowel and raised open-mid vowel, though the former phrase may also be used to describe a vowel that is as low as open-mid; likewise, the latter phrase may also be used to describe a vowel that is as high as close-mid.

Vowels

The only mid vowel with a dedicated symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet is the mid central vowel with ambiguous rounding [ə].

The IPA divides the vowel space into thirds, with the close-mid vowels such as [e] or [o] and the open-mid vowels such as [ɛ] or [ɔ] equidistant in formant space between open [a] or [ɒ] and close [i] or [u]. Thus a true mid front unrounded vowel can be transcribed as either a lowered ⟨e̞⟩ (with a lowering diacritic) or as a raised ⟨ɛ̝⟩ (with a raising diacritic).^[1][2] Typical truly mid vowels are thus:

• mid front unrounded vowel [e̞] or [ɛ̝]
• mid front rounded vowel [ø̞] or [œ̝]
• mid central unrounded vowel [ɘ̞] or [ɜ̝] (most commonly written ⟨ə⟩)
• mid central protruded vowel [ɵ̞] or [ɞ̝] (most commonly written ⟨ɵ⟩ as if it were close-mid)
• mid central compressed vowel [əᵝ]
• mid back unrounded vowel [ɤ̞] or [ʌ̝]
• mid back rounded vowel [o̞] or [ɔ̝]

Languages

Few languages contrast all three heights of mid vowel, because it is rare for a language to distinguish more than four heights of true front or back vowels.

The Kensiu language spoken in Malaysia and Thailand is highly unusual in that it phonemically contrasts true-mid vowels with close-mid and open-mid vowels without differences in other parameters such as backness or roundedness.

Kensiu oral vowels Front Central Back Close i ɯ u Near-close ɪ Close-mid e̝ ɚ o̝ Mid e ə o Open-mid ɛ ʌ ɔ Open a Diphthongs ie

Kensiu nasal vowels Front Central Back Close ĩ ɯ̃ ũ Near-close ɪ̃ Close-mid ẽ̝ õ̝ Mid ẽ õ Open-mid ɛ̃ ʌ̃ ɔ̃ Open ã Diphthongs ĩẽ

References

1. Wayland, Ratree (2018). Phonetics: A Practical Introduction. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 26. ISBN 978-1-10841-834-8.
2. Rogers, Henry (2000). The Sounds of Language: An Introduction to Phonetics. Harrow: Longman. p. 9. ISBN 978-1-31787-775-2.