Dimethoxymethane

Not to be confused with dimethoxyethane.

"Methylal" redirects here. Not to be confused with Methanal or Methylol.

Dimethoxymethane, also called methylal, is a colorless flammable liquid with a low boiling point, low viscosity and excellent dissolving power. It has a chloroform-like odor and a pungent taste. It is the dimethyl acetal of formaldehyde. Dimethoxymethane is soluble in three parts water^{[clarification needed]} and miscible with most common organic solvents.

Dimethoxymethane

Names
Preferred IUPAC name Dimethoxymethane
Other names Formal Formaldehyde dimethyl ether Methylal Dimethylformal (DMFL) Formaldehyde dimethylacetal Methoxymethyl methyl ether Methylene dimethyl ether
Identifiers
CAS Number	109-87-5 Y
3D model (JSmol)	Interactive image
Beilstein Reference	1697025
ChEBI	CHEBI:48341 Y
ChEMBL	ChEMBL15537 Y
ChemSpider	13837190 Y
ECHA InfoCard	100.003.378
EC Number	203-714-2
Gmelin Reference	100776
MeSH	Dimethoxymethane
PubChem CID	8020
RTECS number	PA8750000
UNII	7H1M4G2NUE Y
UN number	1234
CompTox Dashboard (EPA)	DTXSID101337651 DTXSID1025564, DTXSID101337651
InChI InChI=1S/C3H8O2/c1-4-3-5-2/h3H2,1-2H3 Y Key: NKDDWNXOKDWJAK-UHFFFAOYSA-N Y InChI=1/C3H8O2/c1-4-3-5-2/h3H2,1-2H3 Key: NKDDWNXOKDWJAK-UHFFFAOYAE
SMILES COCOC
Properties
Chemical formula	C3H8O2
Molar mass	76.095 g·mol−1
Appearance	Colorless liquid[1]
Odor	Chloroform-like[1]
Density	0.8593 g cm−3 (at 20 °C)[1]
Melting point	−105 °C (−157 °F; 168 K)[1][2]
Boiling point	42 °C (108 °F; 315 K)[1][2]
Solubility in water	33% (20 °C)[3][clarification needed]
Vapor pressure	330 mmHg (20 °C)[3]
Magnetic susceptibility (χ)	−47.3·10−6 cm3/mol
Hazards
GHS labelling:
Pictograms
Signal word	Danger
Hazard statements	H225, H315, H319, H335
Precautionary statements	P210, P233, P240, P241, P242, P243, P261, P264, P271, P280, P302+P352, P303+P361+P353, P304+P340, P305+P351+P338, P312, P321, P332+P313, P337+P313, P362, P370+P378, P403+P233, P403+P235, P405, P501
Flash point	−18 °C (0 °F; 255 K)
Explosive limits	2.2–13.8%[3]
Lethal dose or concentration (LD, LC):
LD50 (median dose)	5708 mg/kg (rabbit, oral)[4]
LC50 (median concentration)	18000 ppm (mouse, 7 hr) 15000 ppm (rat) 18354 ppm (mouse, 7 hr)[4]
NIOSH (US health exposure limits):
PEL (Permissible)	TWA 1000 ppm (3100 mg/m3)[3]
REL (Recommended)	TWA 1000 ppm (3100 mg/m3)[3]
IDLH (Immediate danger)	2200 ppm[3]
Related compounds
Related Ethers	Dimethoxyethane
Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 °C [77 °F], 100 kPa). N verify (what is YN ?) Infobox references

Synthesis and structure

It can be manufactured by oxidation of methanol or by the reaction of formaldehyde with methanol. In aqueous acid, it is hydrolyzed back to formaldehyde and methanol.

Due to the anomeric effect, dimethoxymethane has a preference toward the gauche conformation with respect to each of the C–O bonds, instead of the anti conformation. Since there are two C–O bonds, the most stable conformation is gauche-gauche, which is around 7 kcal/mol more stable than the anti-anti conformation, while the gauche-anti and anti-gauche are intermediate in energy.^[5] Since it is one of the smallest molecules exhibiting this effect, which has great interest in carbohydrate chemistry, dimethoxymethane is often used for theoretical studies of the anomeric effect.

Applications

Industrially, it is primarily used as a solvent and in the manufacture of perfumes, resins, adhesives, paint strippers and protective coatings. Another application is as a gasoline-additive for increasing octane number. Dimethoxymethane can also be used for blending with diesel. ^[6]

Reagent in organic synthesis

Another useful application of dimethoxymethane is to protect alcohols with a methoxymethyl (MOM) ether in organic synthesis. Dimethoxymethane can be activated with phosphorus pentoxide in dichloromethane or chloroform.^[7] This method is preferred to the use of chloromethyl methyl ether (MOMCl). Phenols can also be MOM-protected using dimethoxymethane, p-toluenesulfonic acid.^[8] Alternatively, MOMCl can be generated as a solution by treating dimethoxymethane with an acyl chloride in the presence of a Lewis acid catalyst like zinc bromide:

MeOCH₂OMe + RC(=O)Cl → MeOCH₂Cl + RC(=O)(OMe)).

Unlike the classical procedure, which uses formaldehyde and hydrogen chloride as starting materials, the highly carcinogenic side product bis(chloromethyl) ether is not generated.^[9]

References

1. Merck Index, 11th Edition, 5936
2. International Chemical Safety Card 1152
3. NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards. "#0396". National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH).
4. "Methylal". Immediately Dangerous to Life or Health Concentrations (IDLH). National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH).
5. Carey, Francis A.; Sundberg, Richard J. (2007). Advanced organic chemistry (5th ed.). New York: Springer. ISBN 9780387448978. OCLC 154040953.
6. Shrestha, Krishna P.; Eckart, Sven; Elbaz, Ayman M.; Giri, Binod R.; Fritsche, Chris; Seidel, Lars; Roberts, William L.; Krause, Hartmut; Mauss, Fabian (2020). "A comprehensive kinetic model for dimethyl ether and dimethoxymethane oxidation and NO interaction utilizing experimental laminar flame speed measurements at elevated pressure and temperature". Combustion and Flame. 218: 57–74. doi:10.1016/j.combustflame.2020.04.016. hdl:10754/662921.
7. Wuts, P. G. M.; Greene, T.W. (2006). Greene's Protective Groups in Organic Synthesis. NY: J. Wiley. doi:10.1002/0470053488. ISBN 9780470053485.
8. Yardley, John P.; Fletcher, Horace (1976). "Introduction of the Methoxymethyl Ether Protecting Group". Synthesis. 1976 (04): 244–244. doi:10.1055/s-1976-24000.
9. Berliner, Martin; Belecki., Katherine (2007). "Synthesis of alpha-Halo Ethers from Symmetric Acetals and in situ Methoxymethylation of an Alcohol". Organic Syntheses. 84: 102. doi:10.15227/orgsyn.084.0102.

External links

• NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards. "#0396". National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH).