The mass media in Syria consists primarily of television, radio, Internet, film and print. The national language of Syria is Arabic but some publications and broadcasts are also available in English and French.[1] While television is the most popular medium in Syria, the Internet has become a widely utilized vehicle to disseminate content. Transcending all available media, the government seeks to control what Syrians see by restricting coverage from outside sources.[2] Publications and broadcasts are monitored by members of the government.[1] All mass media outlets are under the supervision of the Ministry of Information. Third article of the 2013 Information Ministry guidelines stipulate that purpose of all media outlets is "to enlighten public opinion" in line with the ideological doctrines "of the Arab Socialist Ba’ath Party and the policy of the state".[3]
Following Ba'ath party's capture of power in 1963, the state immediately banned all news outlets except which advanced party propaganda. Syrians have had no exposure to free media or independent press since then, with there being no space for independent journalism, newspapers, publications, journalists or websites un-affiliated with party organizations. The situation has only worsened since 1970, with the Ba'athist dictatorship imposing additional censorship policies that furthered its totalitarian control of the society.[4] State propaganda machine is primarily used to monopolise information access and indoctrinate the Syrian population in Ba'athist ideology.[5]
Syria is one of the most dangerous places in the world for journalists and is ranked 2nd worst in the World Press Freedom Index.[6][7] There were 28 journalists killed in combat in 2012.[8] Between 2011 and 2020, more than 700 civilian journalists have been executed in Syria and 78% of them are estimated to have been to death by Ba'athist forces. More than 400 journalists were arrested or kidnapped in the course of the Syrian civil war. More than a third of independent journalists reporting on the war has been forced to flee, following government capture of territories in Southern and Eastern Syria during 2016-2018.[9][10] There has been a mass flight of local journalists due to persecution, threats, harassment, torture, executions and kidnappings from the islamist militias. Syria has numerous laws such as "1965 law of protection against the revolution", "2011 media law", "2012 terrorism law", "2021 cybercrime law" which enables the government to formally indict journalists and give a legal cover to media censorship.[11]
Media
Public media journalists practice self-censorship.[8] Public media consists of television, print, film, radio and internet and social media.
According to Human Rights Watch, The Syrian Arab Establishment for Distribution of Printed Products, which is affiliated with the Ministry of Information, vets all newspapers prior to distribution. The only two private daily newspapers covering political topics that have succeeded in staying open are owned by businessmen closely tied to the state: Baladna and Al-Watan.[12] Al-Watan, a private daily formerly published by businessman Rami Makhlouf, President Assad's cousin, was launched in 2006. United Group, a major advertising group owned by Majd Suleiman, son of a former senior intelligence officer (Bahjat Suleiman), owns and operates the private daily Baladna.[13]
As of 2020, other pro-government and semi-official private prints are permitted to be published in Syria such as dailies: Al-Thawra, Tishreen, Al-Ba'ath and Al-Iqtissadiya.[14]
Television
There is one main broadcaster for both television and radio called the General Organization of Radio and Television of Syria (ORTAS). It was founded in 1960 and is based in Damascus. The channel has programs in Arabic, English and French.[1] TV is the most popular media in Syria.[8]
Satellite channels
Terrestrial channels
Newspapers
- Al-Ba'ath
- Al-Thawra
- Tishreen
- Syria Times (e-newspaper)
- Al-Watan
- Baladna
- Al-Iqtissadiya
Film
The Syrian film industry is state-run by the Ministry of Culture, which controls production through the National Organization for Cinema. The industry is largely propaganda based, focusing on Syria's successes in agriculture, health, transportation and infrastructure.[15]
Radio
First radio service began in 1941 in Syria.[16] There are over 4 million radios in Syria. They tend to broadcast music, ads and stories relating to culture.[1]
- Syrian Arab Republic Radio
- Alaan FM : Al Aan FM Launched in Syria in October 2012 broadcasting live from the UAE. Al Aan FM is available in the following cities and frequencies:
- FARAH FM 97.3
- Al-Bukamal 96.6 MHz
- Aleppo 96.6 MHz
- Al Qunaitra 98.2 MHz
- Atimah Camps 99.7 MHz
- Azaz & Afrin 96.6 MHz
- Al Bab & Manbij 104.4 MHz
- Damascus 96.9 MHz
- Daraa 96.9 and 99.4 MHz
- Hama, Homs 97.6 MHz
- Idlib 96.6 MHz
- Kobani 96.7 MHz
- Latakia 96.6 MHz
- Qamishli & Amuda 97.6 MHz
- Suwayda 96.9 and 99.4 MHz
- Shaddadi (Ash Shaddadi) 97.6 MHz
- FARAH FM: www.farah.fm
- FARAH FM 97.3 Radio FARAH FM Syria
- Al-Madina FM: Syria's first private radio station
Online
Providing hosting services is a violation of United States sanctions.[17] Syrian government websites, news agencies and online news services based in or targeted at Syria, several of which launched during the Syrian civil war, include:[17]
- Syrian Arab News Agency (SANA)
- Al-Masdar News, sometimes criticized as sympathetic to the Syrian government. Shut down in 2021.[18][19]
- Al-Watan, an online edition of Damascus-based Al-Watan newspaper, the 33rd most visited website for 2010 in the MENA region.[20]
- SUNA news agency, an online news platform focused on Syria.[21]
- Click News Syria, an online news service and a special media blog focused on Syria.[22]
- Snack Syrian, an online news service focused on Syria.[23]
- Q Street Journal, an online news service, online radio and a special media blog focused on Syria. Broadcasting from Dubai, UAE.[24]
- ARA News, an online news service focussed on the consequences of war in Syria and Iraq, ceased operation in 2017.[25]
- Syria-News, an Arabic language online press agency intended to report news about Syria.
- Syria NewsDesk, a Beirut-based Arabic news agency, focussed on the ordeal of the Syrian population, supported by the Dutch foundation "Free Press Unlimited".[26][27]
Pro-rebel media
The public does have access to Western radio stations and satellite TV, and Qatar-based Al Jazeera has become very popular in Syria.[28]
In August 2012, a media centre utilized by foreign reporters in Azaz was targeted by the Syrian Air Force in an airstrike on a civilian area during Ramadan.[29]
Television
There are also satellite stations which broadcast outside Syria. Two of the primary satellite networks, Eutelsat and Nilesat, have recently expressed frustrations over the Syrian government preventing satellite TV transmissions broadcast from international outlets.[8]
Satellite channels
- Orient TV, based in Istanbul, Turkey.[30][31] Announced on 21 November 2023, definitive closure on 1 January 2024.[32]
- Aleppo Today, based in Istanbul, Turkey[30]
- Syria TV (Private), based in Istanbul, Turkey.[30] Part of the Qatari pro-Muslim Brotherhood Al Araby TV Network.[33]
Press
- Enab Baladi, based in Istanbul, Turkey. Announced closure on 23 November 2023.[30]
- Al-Ahd (The Vow): published by the Syrian Muslim Brotherhood
- Qasioun News Agency: news agency licensed in Turkey, based in Gaziantep.
- Shaam News Network, which is an activist news organization. It is privately financed. Each 16-page edition includes coverage of culture, translation from foreign news sources and cartoons.[34]
Radio
- Pro-Turkish
- Watan FM (from Istanbul, Turkey)
Internet and social media
With the breakdown of many traditional media outlets during the civil war, much of the current events are reported by individuals on Facebook and Twitter. However, the reliability of such reports can in many cases not be independently verified by credible news agencies. While many websites have appeared and publish a pro-opposition alternative to pro-government media, the lack of robust journalistic standards has often benefited the government since correctly denying news reports gives them more credibility.[35]
- Raqqa Is Being Slaughtered Silently : Citizen journalism effort exposing human rights abuses by ISIS forces occupying the northern Syrian city of Raqqa.
- Rojava Information Center: Journalism from the Autonomous Administration of North and East Syria.[36]
- ANF News (Kurdish: Ajansa Nûçeyan a Firatê), a Netherlands-based multilingual online news service.[37]
- Hawar News Agency (sometimes abbreviated ANHA) (Arabic: وكالة أنباء هاوار) is an online Kurdish news service based in Al-Hasaka, Syria, said to be linked to the SDF.[38][39]
- Ekurd.net, an English language online newspaper for Kurds since January 2015, based in New York. The editorial team is known, though its owners are not.[40]
- Orient Net, an Istanbul-based Arabic and English language online newspaper concerned with Syrian affairs. Announced on 21 November 2023, definitive closure on 1 January 2024.
- Horan Free League, standing for "Syrian Revolution" in Horan.
- SMART News Agency, standing for "Syrian Media Action Revolution Team", a France-based Arabic language opposition media network. Shut down in 2020.
Prohibitive measures against media
State of Emergency law
The constitution of the Syrian Arab Republic guaranteed the right to a free press and freedom of expression, but Syria was under a highly restrictive state of emergency law since the Ba'ath Party came to power in 1964 until 2011. Anyone wishing to establish an independent paper or periodical must apply for a license from the Ministry of Information.[28] In 2011 the state of emergency was lifted.[41] This seems to have had no effect what-so-ever on the way the government conducted itself regarding the media, with Syria's ranking actually worsening the following year with journalistic organizations such as the Committee to Protect Journalists,[42] and Reporters Without Borders[43] both ranking Syria as one of the top four most repressive countries in the world.
In April 2009, Syrian Kurdish journalist Faruq Haji Mustafa was arrested by the Ba'athist secret police and has never been heard from again.[44]
Internet censorship
There are over 5 million Internet users in Syria. Reporters Without Borders lists Syria as an “internet enemy” due to high levels of censorship. The Internet is controlled by the Syrian Computer Society (SCS) and the Syrian Telecommunications Establishment (STE).[45] The government monitors activity through the hacking of emails and social networking accounts and phishing. Simultaneously, the government releases pro-Assad propaganda and false information to support its cause.[46] The law requires Internet cafes to record all comments in the online chatrooms.[47] There was a two-day Internet blackout in 2012, which was likely orchestrated by the government.[8] Authorities have blocked journalists and bloggers from attending and reporting on events by arresting and torturing them. This is not limited to Syrian journalists as members of the Associated Press and Reuters have been arrested and expelled from the country for their reporting.[46]
Press freedom
Reporters Without Borders ranked Syria 179th out of 180 countries in the world on its 2024 Press Freedom Index.[6] On the Press Freedom Barometer for 2022, the organization reports that 1 journalist has been killed, while 27 journalists and 2 media workers have been imprisoned.[48]
See also
References
Further reading
External links
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